4. Diabetes mellitus sarah copy 2025

Multiple Choice

Which cells in the pancreas produce and release digestive enzymes?

• Pancreatic acinar cells

• Endocrine cells

• Islets of Langerhans

• Beta cells

Multiple Choice

Which hormones primarily control the regulation of blood glucose levels in the pancreas?

• Insulin and glucagon

• Adrenaline and cortisol

• Thyroxine and calcitonin

• Estrogen and progesterone

Multiple Choice

Which cells of the pancreas produce glucagon?

• Alpha cells

• Beta cells

• Delta cells

• Gamma cells

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of insulin in the body?

• Raise blood glucose levels

• Lower blood glucose levels

• Convert glucose into glycogen

• Increase fat tissue production

Multiple Choice

In most cases of feline diabetes, what are the main contributing factors?

• Insulin resistance and beta cell failure

• Pancreatic lesions and acromegaly

• Hyperadrenocorticism and pancreatitis

• Excessive growth hormone release and liver failure

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT listed as a specific underlying condition linked to the remaining cases of feline diabetes?

• Acromegaly

• Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

• Pancreatitis

• Kidney stones

Multiple Choice

What is the effect of persistent hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose levels) in diabetic patients?

• It improves insulin production

• It damages pancreatic beta cells and worsens insulin resistance

• It reduces blood pressure

• It increases oxygen levels in the blood

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the vicious cycle of glucose toxicity in diabetic patients?

• Hyperglycaemia → increased insulin secretion → reduced resistance → normal glucose levels

• Hyperglycaemia → glucose toxicity → reduced insulin secretion & increased resistance → further hyperglycaemia

• Low blood glucose → glucose toxicity → increased insulin secretion → further hypoglycaemia

• Hyperglycaemia → reduced insulin secretion → decreased resistance → normal glucose levels

Multiple Choice

What can happen to the pancreas over time if the cycle described continues, especially in cats?

• It can heal completely

• It can become stronger

• It can suffer irreversible damage

• It can increase insulin production

Multiple Choice

At what blood glucose level do the kidneys in cats start to spill glucose into the urine?

• 5–7 mmol/L

• 10–12 mmol/L

• 14–16 mmol/L

• 20–22 mmol/L

Multiple Choice

What is a key process that occurs in the body when diabetes mellitus is undiagnosed or poorly controlled?

• The body begins breaking down fat (lipids) as an alternative energy source

• The body increases glucose production

• The body stops producing insulin completely

• The body starts producing more red blood cells

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

• Vomiting

• Weight loss

• Increased appetite

• Dehydration

Multiple Choice

What does fructosamine provide an indication of?

• Average blood glucose level over the previous 2–3 weeks

• Blood pressure over the previous month

• Cholesterol level over the previous year

• Heart rate over the previous week

Multiple Choice

Why is fructosamine considered a useful tool in distinguishing true diabetes mellitus from stress-induced hyperglycaemia?

• It is not influenced by short-term stress or excitement

• It measures cholesterol levels

• It is only used in dogs

• It is affected by diet changes

Multiple Choice

What is one of the primary aims of diabetic management?

• To control clinical signs while preventing hypoglycaemia

• To increase blood glucose levels above the renal threshold

• To reduce water intake and appetite

• To promote weight loss in all patients

Multiple Choice

In cats, what is an additional treatment goal for diabetes?

• To achieve diabetic remission and return to a subclinical, non-insulin-dependent state

• To maintain high blood glucose levels

• To increase insulin dependence

• To prevent normal appetite and water intake

Multiple Choice

What is the primary use of neutral or regular insulin?

• Long-term maintenance therapy

• Emergency management, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

• Weight loss management

• Treatment of hypertension

Multiple Choice

How is neutral or regular insulin typically administered?

• Oral tablets only

• Intermittent intramuscular injections or constant rate intravenous infusion (CRI)

• Topical application

• Subcutaneous patches

Multiple Choice

What type of insulin is Lente Insulin (Caninsulin®)?

• Intermediate-acting insulin

• Short-acting insulin

• Long-acting insulin

• Rapid-acting insulin

Multiple Choice

For which species is Lente Insulin (Caninsulin®) licensed for use?

• Dogs

• Cats

• Horses

• Rabbits

Multiple Choice

What is the primary aim of dietary therapy in diabetic patients?

• To minimise post-meal spikes in blood glucose and reduce the workload on the pancreas.

• To increase carbohydrate intake and insulin demand.

• To promote high-fat diets and increase energy levels.

• To encourage frequent snacking and sugar consumption.

Multiple Choice

What type of diet should cats with diabetes be fed?

• High-protein, low-carbohydrate diet with less than 12% of metabolisable energy from carbohydrates.

• High-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with more than 50% of energy from carbohydrates.

• Low-protein, high-sugar diet with no carbohydrate restrictions.

• Complete, balanced diet high in simple sugars.

Multiple Choice

When should dietary changes be introduced for treatment in pets?

• At the start of treatment and transitioned gradually

• Only after treatment is completed

• Suddenly without any transition

• Only if gastrointestinal upset occurs

Multiple Choice

How often should dogs be fed 50% of their resting energy requirement (RER)?

• Every 12 hours

• Once a day

• Every 6 hours

• Every 24 hours

Multiple Choice

What is a major factor that can affect the accuracy of glucose curve results in cats?

• Stress-induced hyperglycaemia

• Lack of exercise

• High protein diet

• Excessive water intake

Multiple Choice

Why might an 8–10-hour sampling window not provide a complete picture of a patient's overall glycaemic control?

• Blood glucose levels can fluctuate from day to day

• The sampling window is too short for any measurement

• Only nighttime samples are taken

• It measures only insulin levels

Multiple Choice

Why must diabetic patients be closely monitored for signs of hypoglycaemia?

• Because their blood pressure may drop suddenly

• Because their glucose levels can be affected by insulin nadir, illness, vomiting, or reduced appetite

• Because they are at risk of dehydration

• Because their cholesterol levels may increase

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a reason to monitor diabetic patients for hypoglycaemia?

• Time of the insulin nadir

• Concurrent illness

• Vomiting

• Increased appetite