AP Bio-Chapter 9

Multiple Choice

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

• The first produces energy using water, and the second does so using carbon dioxide.

• The first produces glucose, full of energy, and the second extracts that energy.

• The first uses beta oxidation, and the second uses glycolysis.

• The first produces carbon dioxide, and the second makes sugars.

Multiple Choice

If your cells were in need of ATP, what could help you?

• substrate-level phosphorylation

• ATP synthase

• glycolysis

• fermentation

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

What has more free energy, carbon dioxide and water or glucose and oxygen, and why?

• glucose and oxygen because they have not yet reacted

• carbon dioxide and water because carbon dioxide is a gas with great molecular motion

• glucose and oxygen because oxygen stores energy for cells

• carbon dioxide and water because water can catalyze many energy-producing reactions

Multiple Choice

Which of the following contains useful energy for the cell?

• ATP

• NAD⁺

• proton gradient

• a and c

• b and c

Multiple Choice

Cellular respiration can best be described as

• using energy released from breaking high-energy covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP formation from ADP and phosphate.

• taking electrons from food and giving them to phosphate to make ATP.

• taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, using the energy released to drive ATP formation.

• converting high-energy organic molecules to lower-energy organic molecules and using the energy released to drive ATP formation.

Multiple Choice

Which statement about glycolysis is true?

• It splits water.

• It produces FADH₂.

• It occurs in the cytosol.

• It makes the most ATP compared to the other steps in the breakdown of glucose.

• It splits lipids.

Multiple Choice

Compared to the carbons in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the carbons in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have ____, so these carbons are more ____.

• fewer bonds with oxygen and more bonds with hydrogen; oxidized

• fewer bonds with hydrogen and more bonds with oxygen; oxidized

• more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with other carbons; oxidized

• more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with hydrogen; reduced

• more bonds with hydrogen and fewer bonds with oxygen; reduced

Multiple Choice

Through beta oxidation, fats are converted to acetyl CoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl CoAs typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic respiration?

• the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

• glycolysis and chemiosmosis

• the citric acid cycle and fermentation

• pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

• glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation

Multiple Choice

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is true?

• It occurs during the movement from the cytosol through the mitochondrial membranes.

• It makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

• It makes the most ATP compared to the other steps in the breakdown of glucose.

• It occurs in the eukaryotic cytoplasm.

• It splits glucose.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not an immediate net product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport chain?

• ATP

• water

• NAD⁺

• FAD

• a proton electrochemical gradient

Multiple Choice

The hydrogens taken from glucose or a breakdown product of glucose are added to oxygen, releasing energy to

• actively transport H⁺ into the intermembrane space.

• actively transport NAD⁺ into the intermembrane space.

• actively transport Na⁺ into the matrix.

• power facilitated diffusion of H⁺ into the matrix.

• actively transport H⁺ into the matrix.

Multiple Choice

ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP and water from ADP and phosphate by coupling this to which other process?

• allowing H⁺ to move down its electrochemical gradient

• allowing H⁺ to move against its electrochemical gradient

• synthesis of H⁺

• active transport of H⁺

• active transport of Na⁺

Multiple Choice

Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the membrane. With an uncoupler, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle stay the same?

• Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease.

• ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will greatly increase.

• ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will decrease.

• Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase.

• ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will stay roughly the same.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes is incorrectly matched with its location in a eukaryotic cell?

• the production of ethanol by fermentation--the cytosol of the cell

• production of FADH₂--the matrix of the mitochondria

• formation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation--via the F₁F₀-ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane

• reduction of NAD⁺--in both the cytosol of the cell and the matrix of the mitochondria

• reduction of oxygen gas to water--in the matrix of the mitochondria

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?

• to regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue

• to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions

• to make additional ATP when respiration can't make ATP fast enough

• to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarce

• to make organic molecules that cells can store until oxygen becomes availalble

Multiple Choice

What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

• functioning mitochondria

• oxygen

• oxidative phosphorylation of ATP

• NAD⁺

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use?

• alcoholic fermentation

• the citric acid cycle

• only glycolysis, with NAD⁺ not utilized

• lactic acid fermentation

• chemiosmosis

Multiple Choice

If you removed the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, could the cell produce any ATP from glucose?

• yes, by glycolysis and fermentation

• yes, by the citric acid cycle

• yes, using the ATP synthase

• yes, by electron transport

Multiple Choice

You are handed a biochemical extract from cells that were performing cellular respiration. You detect cytochromes in one fraction, so it was probably used for the study of

• glycolysis

• fermentation

• electron transport

• ATP synthase function

• beta-oxidation

Multiple Choice

Newborn mammals have a specialized tissue called brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO₂ without capturing the energy to reduce electron carriers or drive ATP formation. How might this energy be used instead?

• to synthesize glucose from CO₂

• to directly power muscle contraction

• to provide energy for endergonic biosynthesis reactions

• to generate heat