Pharm Chapter 15

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are considered impairments of host defense mechanisms?

• Breaks in skin and mucous membranes

• Suppression of normal flora via antimicrobials

• Diabetes mellitus

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a common cause of inflammation?

• Infection

• Dehydration

• Excessive exercise

• Low blood sugar

Open Ended

What is the significance of understanding inflammation and its causes in the context of infection and antimicrobial therapy?

Open Ended

How do biological adaptations help microorganisms survive in the host environment?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a way microorganisms attach and cause infection in a host?

• Invade tissues

• Multiply

• Produce antibodies

• Produce infection

Multiple Select

Which of the following are classifications of microorganisms?

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Fungi

• Parasites

Fill in the Blanks

Suppression of normal microbial flora can lead to the proliferation of

pathogens.

Open Ended

Describe two ways in which host defense mechanisms protect against infection.

Fill in the Blanks

Opportunistic pathogens become pathogenic in individuals with impaired

mechanisms.

Multiple Choice

Which laboratory test is used to detect the presence of microbial DNA in a sample?

• Gram's stain

• Culture

• Serology

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Open Ended

Explain how antibiotic-resistant microorganisms can lead to increased mortality rates.

Fill in the Blanks

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms may emerge during or after

therapy.

Open Ended

Describe two mechanisms by which microbes can resist the effects of antibiotics.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms?

• Broad-spectrum antibiotic use

• Interruption of antimicrobial treatment

• Modification of ATB binding target

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT included under anti-infective and antimicrobial drugs?

• Antibacterials

• Antivirals

• Antifungals

• Analgesics

Open Ended

What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

Multiple Select

Which of the following are mechanisms by which antimicrobials act on pathogens?

• Inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis

• Inhibition of protein synthesis

• Disruption of microbial cell membranes

• Stimulation of host cell growth

Fill in the Blanks

Penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin inhibit the formation of the

in bacteria.

Open Ended

List two goals of antimicrobial therapy.

Multiple Select

Combination therapy of antimicrobials is recommended for which of the following situations?

• Infections caused by a single microbe

• Nosocomial infections

• Serious infections

• Mild viral infections

Multiple Choice

Which factors should be considered when deciding the administration route for antimicrobial therapy?

• Patient's age and gender

• Location and severity of infection, ability to take oral medications, available medication dosage forms

• Cost of medication

• Patient's insurance coverage

Open Ended

How does the duration of antimicrobial therapy differ for prophylactic use versus treatment of acute infection?

Multiple Select

Select all guidelines that promote appropriate antimicrobial drug use.

• Avoid using antibacterial drugs to treat viral infections.

• Use broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs whenever possible.

• Give antibacterial drugs only for significant bacterial infections or established prophylaxis.

• Collect specimens for culture and Gram’s stain before first antibiotic dose.

Fill in the Blanks

Follow

recommendations for prevention and treatment of infections.

Fill in the Blanks

Inflammation is often a response to

in the body.

Open Ended

What are the main causes of inflammation and how does the pathophysiology of inflammation contribute to disease processes?