8.ETS.2-1 Space & Technology

​8.ETS.2-1 Space & Technology

By Jessica Freeman

Space Tool Review

by Stacy Skowronski

1.8 Space Exploration

6.E.1.3 Summarize space exploration and the understandings gained from them.

Space exploration day 2

Multiple Choice

Which evidence best supports that the universe began with a massive explosion?

• cosmic background radiation in space

• parallelism of planetary axes

• radioactive dating of Earth's bedrock

• life cycle of stars

Multiple Choice

A red shift in the light from very distant galaxies suggests that the universe is

• fixed and stationary

• moving randomly

• contracting

• expanding

Multiple Choice

Cosmic microwave background radiation is classified as a form of electromagnetic energy because it

• travels in waves through space

• moves faster than the speed of light

• is visible to humans

• moves due to particle collisions

Multiple Choice

Scientists infer that the universe began approximately

• 1.0 billion years ago

• 3.3 billion years ago

• 8.2 billion years ago

• 13.7 billion years ago

Multiple Choice

What is the name usually given to a group of objects consisting of a sun and any planets, comets, and other objects that orbit it?

• a solar system

• a universe

• a galaxy

• an ecosystem

Multiple Choice

Billions of stars in the same region of the universe are called

• solar systems

• asteroid belts

• constellations

• galaxies

Multiple Choice

What statement describes galaxies

• They are similar in size to the solar system

• They contain one star but hundreds of planets

• They may contain a few hundred stars in a space slightly larger than a solar system

• They may contain billions of stars in a space much larger than a solar system

Multiple Choice

The red shift of light from most galaxies is evidence that

• most galaxies are moving away from Earth

• a majority of stars in most galaxies are red giants

• the light slows down as it nears Earth

• red light travels faster than other colors of light

Multiple Choice

A blue shift from a star indicates that the star

• will soon become a main sequence star

• will soon become a giant star

• is moving closer to Earth

• is moving away from Earth

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, the spectral lines of hydrogen gas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are compared to the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory. What is the best inference that can be made concerning the movement of galaxies A, B, and C.

• Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, but galaxies B and C are moving toward Earth

• Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, but galaxies A and C are moving toward Earth

• Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving toward the Earth

• Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving away from the Earth

Multiple Choice

Cosmic background radiation provides direct evidence for the origin of

• the universe

• our solar system

• Earth's ozone layer

• Earth's earliest atmosphere

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between time and size of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present?

• As time goes from past to present, the size of the universe has increased

• As time goes from past to present, the size of the universe has decreased

• As time goes from past to present, the size of the universe has stayed the same

• As time goes from past to present, the size of the universe has increased then decreased

Multiple Choice

The theory that the universe is expanding is supported by the

• blue shift of light from distant galaxies

• red shift of light from distant galaxies

• nuclear fusion occurring in the Sun

• radioactive decay occurring in the Sun

Multiple Choice

The diagram represents the bright-line spectrum for an element. The shift in the spectral lines indicates that the star is moving

• toward the Earth

• away from the Earth

• in an elliptical orbit around the Sun

• in a circular orbit around the Sun

Multiple Choice

The diagram illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe. A major piece of scientific evidence supporting this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from the Earth in stage 3 are observed to be

• shorter than normal (a red shift)

• shorter than normal (a blue shift)

• longer than normal (a red shift)

• don't pick this answer!!

Multiple Choice

The more that the spectral lines of a star are shifted to the red end of the spectrum

• the larger it is

• the faster it is rotating

• the hotter it is

• the faster it is moving away from us

Multiple Choice

Compared to light from a stationary source at the same point, light from an object moving toward you is

• brighter

• bluer

• redder

• unchanged in both color and brightness

Multiple Choice

According to Hubbell's law, more rapidly moving galaxies are now

• further away from us

• closer to us

• accelerating rapidly

• already contracting toward another big bang

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the Big Bang theory?

• red shift

• shape of the galaxy

• cosmic background radiation

Multiple Choice

Many people consider Robert Goddard to be the father of ____________________.

• astronauts and space technology

• rocket power and space exploration

• moon science and lunar research

• liquid fuel and rocket systems

Multiple Choice

A tool for viewing and observing

• telescope
  
• space shuttle

Multiple Choice

In what year was Sputnik launched?

• 1945

• 1954

• 1957

• 1969

• 1973

Multiple Choice

Who was the primary rival of the US following WWII?

• Germany

• Soviet Union

• Korea

• Vietnam

• China

Multiple Choice

Who was the first man on the moon?

• President Obama

• Martin L. King, Jr.

• Buzz Lightyear

• Neil Armstrong

Multiple Choice

Which President decided that the US should enter the space race?

• President Obama

• President Washington

• President Kennedy

• President Nixon

3 Phases of Exploration:

• Past (1950s - now: Space Race)

• Present (now! NASA + SpaceX)

• Future (manned flights to Mars?)

The Past

Before the 20th century, we relied on telescopes to help us "explore" space from the ground.

These telescopes belonged to Galileo!

Advancing

When the 1950s came, technological advances skyrocketing because of one thing:

The Space Race.

FYI, this is Russia. In red, how fitting.

A Little Background

• Keep in mind... it's the 1950s.

• The first manned flight was 1903.

• By 1914, planes are first used for recon missions, then move to dogfighting.

• WWII (1939 - 1945) sees planes used in multiple ways: bombers, transport, and fighters.

• We go from being grounded to space in just 54 years.

Open Ended

What do you think we will do with technology and space travel in the next 50 years?

Let's Talk Spacecrafts: Satellites

• Satellites are man-made objects that orbit celestial bodies.

• They are used for: gathering data (maps and weather), communication (cell phones and television).

• Satellites have improved our ability to explore space, forecast the weather, and monitor changes to Earth’s surface.

October 4, 1957: Sputnik

• The Soviet Union announces they've launched a satellite into Earth's orbit.

• Sputnik broadcasted a beeping radio signal and completed a revolution around Earth every 90 minutes.

A replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the world to be put into outer space:

the replica is stored in the National Air and Space Museum.

Multiple Choice

Satellites are only used for communication and data.

• true

• false

Space Probes

• A space probe is an unmanned space craft that leaves Earth’s orbit and explores space. They're as big as cars.

• This one is Pioneer 1, launched by a Thor-Able rocket on 11 October 1958.

• Voyager 1 and Voyager 2: Launched in August/Sept 1977 and STILL GOING.

Rovers

• Rovers are vehicles designed to explore the surface of a celestial body. 

• Rovers have been used on the Moon and on Mars: Curiosity, Spirit, and Opportunity. 

• Perseverance rover will be landing on February 18, 2021!!!

Rockets

• Early rockets launched a small capsule holding astronauts into orbit, and then pieces would separate and burn upon reentry.

• Rockets now are INCREDIBLE!

• SpaceX Falcon 9 is a reusable two-stage rocket

• Space X Falcon Heavy is the world's most rocket, and it's reusable too!

Space Shuttles

• On April 12, 1981, the Space Shuttle Columbia became the first shuttle to orbit the Earth.

• Space shuttles were reusable spacecraft that transported astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space from 1981 to 2011.

• This is Discover in 2011 >>>

• 
  

Space Travel Now

From 2011 until 2020, the US had to rely on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to get to the International Space Station.

In 2020, SpaceX became the first American craft to carry astronauts into space.

So what is NASA anyway?

• In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded.

• NASA’s space program decides what equipment, accommodations, and transportation are needed for space exploration.

• NASA's Vision: To discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity.

The International Space Station

• The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility currently being assembled in orbit around the Earth.

• It shared by space programs from 16 countries.

• Experiments: cell and tissue growth in microgravity, teaching Science and Engineering, studying the effects of space on the human body, agriculture and plant growth in space, etc.

Multiple Choice

Which government agency is charged with managing America’s space exploration and research?

• A. The Smithsonian Institute

• B. The National Institutes of Science

• C. The Department of Transportation

• D. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Multiple Choice

A scientist wants to study the effect of weightlessness on plant growth. Which would be the best place to conduct such experiments?

• A. the Mars Exploration Rover

• B. the Hubble Space Telescope

• C. the Space Shuttle Discovery

• D. the International Space Station

Multiple Choice

Reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space.

• Space ship
• Space shuttle
• Voyager 1
• Space station

Multiple Choice

Long term research laboratory in space, constructed with resources from 15 different nations.

• Space Shuttle
• Space Probe
• Satellite
• International Space Station

Multiple Choice

A person who is trained for traveling in space

• Astronaut 
• Sputnik
• Light-year
• Satellite

Space Vehicles: Rockets and Shuttles

• What Is It: Rocket-launched vehicles that make trips around Earth (some has gone as far as the moon). Some manned, some unmanned

• Purpose: Research the effects of space on living and nonliving things.

Multiple Choice

A vehicle designed to propel itself by ejecting exhaust gas from one end

• shuttle

• rocket

• satellite

• probe

Satellites

• What Is It: Object that orbits around a body in space. Moons are natural satellites.

• Purpose: Artificial - learn more about planets including Earth (weather, oceans, land) and their moons

Multiple Choice

This orbits a planet, sends waves to and from Earth

• satellite
• spaceprobe
• launch-pad 
• light-year 

Multiple Choice

Rovers can be remote controlled from Earth.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Has no people on it, used to gather information

• space probe

• Space Shuttle
• spacecraft
• launch-pad

Multiple Choice

The first satellite launched into space by Russia 

• Space Suit
• Sputnik
• ISS
• Astronaut

Multiple Choice

What was the first creature in space?

• a dog

• a human

• a hamster

• monkey

Multiple Choice

The first people to walk on the moon. Landed in 1969

• spacecraft 
• ISS 
• Astronaut 
• Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin

Multiple Choice

Which president set the goal for America to get to the moon

• Bush

• Clinton

• Kennedy

• Eisenhower

Space Shuttles

• On April 12, 1981, the Space Shuttle Columbia became the first shuttle to orbit the Earth.

• Space shuttles were reusable spacecraft that transported astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space from 1981 to 2011.

• This is Discover in 2011 >>>
  

So what is NASA anyway?

• In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded.

• NASA’s space program decides what equipment, accommodations, and transportation are needed for space exploration.

• NASA's Vision: To discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity.

Multiple Choice

Which government agency is charged with managing America’s space exploration and research?

• The National Space Exploration Research Center

• The National Institutes of Science

• The Department of Transportation

• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The International Space Station

• The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility currently being assembled in orbit around the Earth.

• It shared by space programs from 16 countries.

• Experiments: cell and tissue growth in microgravity, teaching Science and Engineering, studying the effects of space on the human body, agriculture and plant growth in space, etc.

Multiple Choice

A scientist wants to study the effect of weightlessness on plant growth. Which would be the best place to conduct such experiments?

• The Mars Exploration Rover

• The Hubble Space Telescope

• The Space Shuttle Discovery

• The International Space Station

Multiple Choice

Reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space.

• Space ship
• Space shuttle
• Voyager 1
• Space station

Telescopes: Hubble

• What It Is: Uses lenses and light to make objects far away appear closer and larger

• Purpose: Learn more about the bodies in space (galaxies, planets, moons, stars, black holes, comets, asteroids, meteors)

Multiple Choice

What is the ISS?

• International Student Services
• Inside Sun Secrets
• International Space Station
• Irritating Science Stuff

Multiple Choice

What was the goal of "Curiosity"?

• the video shows water on Mars

• to have fun remote controlling a vehicle from Earth

• to determine if Mars was ever able to support microbial life

• there are no craters on Mars

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the telescope that was released in space in 1990 and is still exploring today?

• Spitzer

• Fermi

• Hubble

• Bank

Multiple Choice

Which of these is a natural satellite?

• galaxies

• moons

• stars

• comets

Rovers

• What Is It: A planetary surface exploration device designed to move across the solid surface of a planet. If not manned, they are remote controlled.

• Purpose: Collect samples of planetary materials like soil, rocks and liquids.

Multiple Choice

People travel on space probes.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

What kind of materials can rovers collect on their missions?

• soil

• rocks

• liquids

• all of these

Multiple Choice

The ISS stays in low orbit around

• the sun

• Mars

• Earth

• Venus

​Congratulations! You have completed this Lesson. It should be reattempted if you score lower than a 70% and can be reattempted even if you get above a 70% for a better grade,

​Optical Telescope

Focuses Light (MUST HAVE LIGHT)

​

​Used in space and on Earth

​

​To get photos of deep space

​Refracting Telescope

​Uses Lenses to BEND light

​

​Difficult to use

​Reflecting Telescope

Uses Mirrors to BOUNCE light

​

​Can be made VERY large

Multiple Choice

What is used to get the light to the eyepiece in a Reflecting Telescope?

• Lens

• Mirror

• Net

• Tube

Fill in the Blank

What is used to bend the light to the eyepeice in a Refracting Telescope?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT needed for an optical telescope to work

• Light

• Lens or Mirror

• Eyepiece

• Radio Waves

​Radio Telescope

​Radio Waves are collected from space and turned into "pictures"

​

​They are large flat discs and need a lot of space on Earth

​

​They can detect events like black holes forming or stars dying

​Radio Telescopes in Space

​They can be put in orbit and combined to create a very large telescope

​

​

​Satellites

​Are sent to spce using rockets

​

​Orbit Earth

​

​Contain specialized instruments to study Earth and Space

​Space Observatories

​Are put in orbit in space to collect data

​

​Use the Eletromagnetic Spectrum to learn about deep space

Multiple Choice

This object is orbiting Earth and can be used to study the Earth's Oceans

• Radio Telescope

• Optical Telescope

• Satellite

• Spectroscope

Multiple Choice

Scientist can study X-Rays emitted from a black hole with this

• Radio Telescope

• Refracting Telescope

• Spectroscope

• Space Observatory

Multiple Choice

On Earth this type of telescope can detect waves from space even on cloudy days, or it can be combined with other telescopes in space to make one very large telescope.

• Radio telescope

• Optical telescope

• Reflecting telescope

• Refracting telescope

​Space Probes

They are sent out to a location in space (They do NOT orbit)

​

​Can collect samples of rock, soil, or gases and analyze them

Spectroscope​

​Collects light and separates it into different "bands" of color

​

​The different bands of color can tell us the composition of what the light is coming from

​

​We use it to determine star composition

Poll

Which of the following instruments were used to determine that stars are mostly Hydrogen and Helium?

• Space Probe

• Reflecting Telescope

• Spectroscope

• Optical Telescope

Multiple Choice

Which of the following would the Mars Rover be considered?

• Space Probe

• Satellite

• Optical Telescope

• Space Observatory

Review 8.PS.2.1

Multiple Choice

In a stable atom the amount of electrons is equal to the amount of

• neutrons

• protons

• atomic mass

• neutrons + protons

Multiple Choice

True or False:
In static electricity, charges build up on an object, but they do not flow continuously.

• True
• False
• 11
• Tuesday

Multiple Choice

The girl's hair and the comb are attracting  one another.  The hair and the comb have

• opposite charges
• like charges

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is caused by static electricity?

• a stove getting hot when it is turned on
• a magnet being attracted to a refrigerator
• a lightning strike during a storm
• a light bulb coming on when a switch is turned on

Multiple Choice

The gravitational force of the Sun is powerful enough to hold Earth in orbit even though Earth is an average of 150 million kilometers away. Which statement best describes why objects with much less mass than Earth are not pulled off the surface of Earth toward the Sun?

• Objects on Earth are orbiting the Sun too quickly.

• Objects on Earth have too little mass on which to pull.

• Objects on Earth are influenced more by the gravity of Earth than by the gravity of the Sun.

• Objects on Earth are held by the gravity of the Moon.

71

Field lines between like charges

Both diagrams help us visualize
repulsive forces.

Do you see how the lines look
like they are pushing apart at
their closest points?

72

Field Lines between unlike charges

This diagram indicates
electrostatic attraction.
The field lines exit the positive
charge and enter the negative
charge.

Unlike the field lines between like

charges, these lines look like
they are pulling together.

73

Two Oppositely Charged Metal Plates

Look at the diagram to the right.

What can be said about the
spacing and direction of the field
lines between the plates?

What does this mean?

Answer

Multiple Choice

Electric field lines exit positive charges and enter
negative charges.

• True

• False

75

26 The electric field strength between 2 parallel
oppositely charged plates:

A
Increases as you move towards
the postive plate

B

decreases as you move
toward the negative plate

C

remains constant at all points
between the plates.

Answer

Multiple Choice

The electric field strength between 2 parallel
oppositely charged plates:

• Increases as you move towards
  the postive plate

• decreases as you move
  toward the negative plate

• remains constant at all points
  between the plates.

97

Magnetic Poles

Every magnet has 2 poles ­ North and South
It's similar to the charge being either positive or negative

98

Forces between Magnetic Poles

Opposite magnetic poles attract.

Like magnetic poles repel.

Click here to launch a video
on magnetic levitation

99

The Compass

A compass is just a bar magnet that is free to swing about.
The compass needle is attracted to Earth's magnetic poles.

The compass is an indicator of
Earth's magnetic field.

101

Magnetic Field Line Drawings

Forces around magnets can be visualized by "lines of force"
These lines indicate the strength of a magnetic field.

Where have we seen force lines like this before?

*sketch this

in the space provided

*note that arrows enter

South and exit North

102

3 Magnetic Field Line Rules

Lines exit North Poles and enter South Poles

Closer lines equal stronger force

Field lines never cross!

103

As we move away from a
magnetic pole, What
happens to the strength of
the magnetic field?

A

B

Compare the spacing of the field lines
at A vs. B

What do you notice?

Magnetic Field
Drawings

it gets more spread out which

means the magnetic force is
weaker

104

Visualizing Magnetic Fields

By sprinkling iron filings around a magnet, we see that they will line up
differently depending on the magnetic field of the magnet.

lines connect in middle so this is attraction

lines repel upward/downward

Multiple Choice

33 This photo depicts magnets which could be aligned _______________.

• North-North

• North-South

105

33 This photo depicts magnets which could be aligned _______________.

A North North

B North South

Answer

*not in notes but good extra practice*

repelling so must be same poles

Multiple Choice

33 This photo depicts magnets which could be aligned _______________.

• North-North

• North-South

106

34 This photo depicts magnets which could be aligned _______________.

A North North

B North South

Answer

*not in notes but good extra practice*

attracting so must be opposite poles

107

Magnetic Fields Lines

Can you visualize
the photos you
just saw with
these drawings?

108

Attractive force between unlike poles

This magnetic field line diagram shows an attractive force between
unlike poles.

109

Repulsive force between like poles

This magnetic field line diagram shows a repulsive force between
like poles.

south/south will

look exactly the
same but arrows
ENTER south

Multiple Choice

35 Like magnetic poles:

• attract

• repel

Multiple Choice

36 This type of field drawing represents:

• attraction

• repulsion

• suspension

112

36 This type of field drawing represents:

A

attraction

B

repulsion

C

suspension

Answer

Multiple Choice

39 Magnetic Field lines exit from the south pole of a magnet.

• True

• False

115

39 Magnetic Field lines exit from the south pole of a
magnet.

True

False

Answer

Multiple Choice

40 As distance is increased away from a magnetic field source, the magnetic field intensity will ___________.

• Increase

• Decrease

• Stay the same

116

40 As distance is increased away from a
magnetic field source, the magnetic
field intensity will ___________.

A

Increase

B

Decrease

C

Stay the same

Answer

inversely/indirectly proportional

Magnetic Force

Multiple Choice

Suki was investigating magnetism with two bar magnets. She finds that her magnets stick to some surfaces like the refrigerator door, the sink, and the window frame. The magnets did not stick to the window glass, the door, or the wall.

What types of material attract a magnet?

• materials containing any type of metal

• materials that are shiny

• materials that contain iron

• materials that contain another magnet

​Explanation

​The correct answer is “materials that contain iron.” While magnets are attracted to some types of metal (such as iron, nickel, and cobalt), not all metals are attractive to magnets (such as copper, zinc, and aluminum). An object’s shine is not related to whether it will attract a magnet. Materials that contain a magnet may either be attractive or repulsive, depending on which poles come in contact with each other.

Multiple Select

Suki was investigating magnetism with two bar magnets. She finds that her magnets stick to some surfaces like the refrigerator door, the sink, and the window frame. The magnets did not stick to the window glass, the door, or the wall.Next, she decides to investigate their magnetic force. What tests could she perform to determine which magnet has a stronger magnetic force? Choose the two that apply.

• Put both magnets on a refrigerator door, and test which requires more force to pull it off the door.

• Put them next to each other, and test how much force is required to separate the two magnets.

• Pour iron filings onto both magnets while they are close together and see which magnet collects the largest pile of filings.

• Pour iron filings onto both magnets while they are apart and see which filings arrange into lines that are closer together.

​Explanation

​The correct answers are “Put both magnets on a refrigerator door, and test which requires more force to pull off the door” and “Pour iron filings onto both magnets while apart and see which filings arrange into lines that are closer together.” Putting the magnets together and trying to pull them apart does not test the individual strength of each magnet, so it cannot be used as a test to determine which has a stronger magnetic force. Similarly, if the magnets are together, the iron filings will follow the magnetic lines of the combined magnetic force of both magnets instead of being attracted to each magnet individually.

Multiple Choice

Naji was using his computer to model the strength of the magnetic field around a bar magnet. He knows that certain parts of the magnetic field are stronger than others. Where are the strongest and weakest parts of the magnetic field shown in the diagram?

• strongest: A, weakest: B

• strongest: A, weakest: D

• strongest: C, weakest: A

• strongest: C, weakest: B

​Explanation

​The correct answer is “strongest: C, weakest: D.” Although A is centered on the pole, it is further away from the magnet than point C and is therefore weaker. Point B and D are both weaker than either point A or C. Point B is further away from the magnet than D and therefore is weaker.