Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

Protects against discrimination on the basis of race

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

Protects against discrimination on the basis of gender

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

Protects against discrimination on the basis of disability

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

Protects against government encroaching on your fundamental freedoms

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

Uses the Due Process Clause to protect you from state governments

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

Uses the Equal Protection Clause to protect you from state governments

• Civil Rights
• Civil Liberties

the legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment.

• incorporation
• establishment
• parochial
• libel 

No state shall deny life, __________, or property without due process of law.

• pursuit of happiness
• liberty
• freedom
• equality

This case struck down state funding for private religious schools. It ruled that state aid to church-related (parochial) schools must meet three tests: a) the purpose of the aid must be secular, b) the government's action must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and c) the government's action must not foster an "excessive entanglement" between government and religion.

• Oregon v. Smith
• Lemon v. Kurtzman
• New York Times v. Sullivan
• Texas v. Johnson

Ruled that free speech could be limited when it presents a "clear and present danger." Established the "clear and present danger" test to define conditions under which public authorities can limit free speech.

• Roth v. United States
• Barron v. Baltimore
• Schenck v. United States
• Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District