Learning

Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed, and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

• spontaneous recovery
• stimulus generalization
• disinhibition
• second-order conditioning

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:

• respondent behavior.
• negative reinforcement.
• observational learning.
• operant conditioning.

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

• partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
• immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
• positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
• reinforcement; punishment

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the:

• temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex.
• occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex.
• frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex.
• temporal lobe adjacent to Broca�s area.

Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a

• fixed-variable schedule
• variable-interval schedule
• fixed-interval schedule
• fixed-ratio schedule

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of:

• spontaneous recovery.
• primary reinforcement.
• latent learning.
• operant conditioning.

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

• classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning
• acquisition; extinction
• primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
• reinforcement; punishment

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:

• spontaneous recovery.
• immediate reinforcement.
• shaping.
• modeling.

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:

• behaviorism.
• shaping.
• the law of effect.
• observational learning.

____ is to operant conditioning as ____ is to classical conditioning.

• Pavlov; Thorndike
• Bandura; Thorndike
• Rescorla; Skinner
• Skinner; Pavlov