Unit 4-1 Review - pgs. 223-231

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks

• experienced extinction.
• underwent spontaneous recovery.
• developed learned helplessness. 
• developed a conditioned reinforcer.

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of _______ on learning. 

• biological predispositions
• shaping
• spontaneous recovery
• conditioned reinforcers

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of 

• secondary reinforcement.
• generalization.
• shaping.
• latent learning. 

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the 

• primary reinforcer.
• delayed reinforcer.
• unconditioned stimulus.
• conditioned stimulus. 

In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between

• events that it does not control.
• primary and secondary reinforcers. 
• its own behavior and resulting outcomes.
• positive and negative reinforcers. 

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

• observational learning. 
• classical conditioning.
• operant conditioning. 
• latent learning. 

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

• B.F. Skinner.
• Ivan Pavlov.
• John B. Watson.
• Albert Bandura. 

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

• intermittent reinforcement.
• shaping.
• modeling.
• generalization. 

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)

• conditioned stimulus.
• unconditioned stimulus.
• operant behavior.
• reinforcer. 

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ______ reinforcers. 

• fixed
• primary
• secondary
• continuous