13.1 Middle Ages: Politics and Society

After the Hundred Years' War feudalism declined and a new age in warfare began as a result of

• the use of cannons against castles
• the large French and English armies
• the development of the longbow
• the code of chivalry followed by knights

The map of medieval France emphasizes how

• France and England were frequently at war
• France was a much larger country than it is today
• the Catholic Church was a major power in France
• the kings of France only gradually won control over their kingdom

Merchants and artisans gave strength to nation-states because they

• were given freedom from taxes
• did not require military protection
• helped kings increase their wealth and power
• had to speak several languages in order to conduct trade

In the 500s CE, the Holy Land was controlled by the 

• Byzantine Empire
• kingdom of England
• kingdom of France
• Roman Empire

Which people agreed to use part of the lord's land and promised to be loyal and fight for the lord?

• fiefs
• vassals
• peasants
• clergy

Aragon and Castile were the names of

• a king and queen of Spain
• two Spanish kingdoms that became united
• two Spanish provinces captured by the Muslims
• the part of Spain ruled by Muslims and the part ruled by Christians

A medieval manor was

• a self-sufficient community
• a large house fortified for protection
• a territory controlled by a powerful lord
• an agricultural village controlled by a nearby town

In which country was the most powerful ruler called the tsar?

• Spain
• France
• Russia
• England

The growing economy of Europe during the high Middle Ages led to

• an increase in the wealth of kings
• an increase in the size of fiefs
• less freedom for serfs
• less food for increasing populations

William of Normandy, who became king of England in 1066, was known as

• William the Great
• William the Lawgiver
• William the Confessor
• William the Conqueror