WHAP period 5

Justinian created countless cities which did not exist before. And finding that the belief in God was… straying into errors… he brought it about that it stood on the firm foundation of a single faith. Moreover, finding laws obscure because they had become far more numerous than they should be, and in obvious confusion because they disagreed with each other. He preserved them [in the Legal Code of Emperor Justinian, A.D. 529]… by controlling their discrepancies with the greatest firmness.

Buildings of Justinian by Procopius, Justinian’s official court historian, 6th Century CE

The text and image above most strongly support which of the following statements about the Byzantine Empire?

• State legitimacy was based on claims of secular authority

• The Byzantine Empire was decentralized and was governed under the loose authority of the Emperor

• Religious life in the Byzantine was rooted in notions of cultural pluralism and religious tolerance as the Byzantine Empire spanned much of the Mediterranean Basin

• The Byzantine Emperor sought to unify his realm by supporting new infrastructure, common legal codes, and enforcing Christianity as primary faith in the Empire

Justinian created countless cities which did not exist before. And finding that the belief in God was… straying into errors… he brought it about that it stood on the firm foundation of a single faith. Moreover, finding laws obscure because they had become far more numerous than they should be, and in obvious confusion because they disagreed with each other. He preserved them [in the Legal Code of Emperor Justinian, A.D. 529]… by controlling their discrepancies with the greatest firmness.

Buildings of Justinian by Procopius, Justinian’s official court historian, 6th Century CE

A historian would most likely use the image and the passage to support which of the following claims?

• Justinian sought to recapture the glory of Roman legal tradition by codifying and preserving numerous laws in order to expand the power of the Byzantine state

• Justinian wanted to rebuild infrastructure on a scale not seen since the era of Pax Romana and thus commissioned the building of many small churches

• Justinian hoped to be in control of both church and state in order to restore the tradition of Caesaropapism

• Justinian desired a religious status similar to Augustus Caesar and thus ruled as a living God in his realm

Justinian created countless cities which did not exist before. And finding that the belief in God was… straying into errors… he brought it about that it stood on the firm foundation of a single faith. Moreover, finding laws obscure because they had become far more numerous than they should be, and in obvious confusion because they disagreed with each other. He preserved them [in the Legal Code of Emperor Justinian, A.D. 529]… by controlling their discrepancies with the greatest firmness.

Buildings of Justinian by Procopius, Justinian’s official court historian, 6th Century CE

Which of the following was an important long-term effect of the expansion of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian?

• The diffusion of theocratic forms of government throughout the Mediterranean Basin throughout the time period of 1000-1450 C.E.

• The growth religious tensions between Catholics and Orthodox Christians resulting in the eventual schism between these communities throughout the time period of 600-1450 C.E.

• The widespread dissemination of Latin throughout Byzantine territories throughout the time period of 600-1450 C.E.

• The establishment of the mosaic tradition as the primary form of art in Western Europe throughout the time period 1000-1450 C.E.

Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956

“…One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the ‘mysterious East’ had been lifted for good…The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy…Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans…During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other.”

The events described in the secondary source above are best understood in the context of conflict between which of the following cultures?

• Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic Christians

• Christian Kingdoms vs. the Islamic Caliphates

• Pastoralist Mongols vs. the Tang Dynasty

• The Byzantine Empire vs. the Ottoman Empire

Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956

“…One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the ‘mysterious East’ had been lifted for good…The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy…Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans…During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other.”

From the point of view of the secondary source, the Crusades should be viewed as

• A disaster for Europeans who were forced to abandon their old cultural traditions

• A time of sadness for world history that drove a permanent wedge between monotheistic religions

• A glorious victory by Middle Eastern peoples over imperialistic Europeans

• A mutually beneficial cultural diffusion of knowledge and trade between cultures

Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956

“…One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the ‘mysterious East’ had been lifted for good…The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy…Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans…During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other.”

Based on the secondary source, what is the best conclusion about cultural diffusion (borrowing) into Europe after 1000 C.E.?

• Europeans borrowed ideas from other civilizations and improved as a result of cultural diffusion

• The Crusades were so damaging to relations between religions that cultural diffusion stopped

• Aside from isolated examples such as Marco Polo, Europeans weren’t interested in new ideas

• Europeans were far more advanced than Asia, causing China to borrow extensively from them

Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956

“…One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the ‘mysterious East’ had been lifted for good…The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy…Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans…During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other.”

The patterns of cultural diffusion described in this secondary source are most SIMILAR to which of the following events between 600 to 1450 C.E.?

• Ways that the Byzantine Empire continued the cultural traditions of the old Roman Empire

• The imposition of Islam following conquests by Muslim armies after Muhammad

• Sharing of technological innovations between warring Mongol and East Asian peoples

• Economic trade between East Africa and Asia in the Indian Ocean trade network

This map is best understood in the context of which of the following period 3 key concepts?

• The growth of urban areas that was caused by the expansion of trade routes

• The decline of urban areas following invasions and falling agricultural productivity

• Technological and cultural transfers that were caused by the expansion of trade routes

• The diffusion of crops and epidemic diseases caused by the expansion of trade routes

The “progress of the Black Death” shown on this map could be used as evidence to support which of the following claims?

• The Middle East was the site of the first outbreak of the disease because of the Crusades

• Eastern Europe had the first outbreak and the disease spread to Western Europe

• Starting in East Asia, the Black Death spread via the silk routes to the west

• African deaths were not as numerous as those in Eurasia

Which is the BEST description of the effects of the Black Death on Europe?

• One-third of the population died, creating economic and social problems for feudal kingdoms

• Physicians rapidly developed a cure for the disease, launching a medical revolution

• Seeking help, Europeans voluntarily joined the Mongol Empire which became stronger

• Fearful of the outside world, Europe lost interest in all trade and exploration opportunities