Chapter 1

Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because

• physiological functions depend on anatomical structures.
• physiological functions in an organism are ongoing.
• body parts take up space.
• our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.

The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____.

• observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
• conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations
• studying molecules; observing forms of the body parts
• sketching; dissecting

Homeostasis is the

• inability to keep body weight within normal limits.
• decrease in room temperature because a window is open.
• ingestion of more food than you need to eat.
• tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

• Shivering when body temperature falls below normal.
• Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls.
• Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.
• Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal.

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure __________.

• decrease steadily
• remain within certain limited ranges
• increase when the body is stressed
• fluctuate greatly between very high and low values

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state

• stimulate changes in the same direction.
• inhibit all body reactions.
• stimulate changes in the opposite direction.
• stimulate a reduction in all requirements of the body.

Positive feedback mechanisms

• cause long-term changes.
• move conditions away from the normal state.
• bring conditions back to the normal state.
• usually produce stable conditions.

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?

• Maintaining blood pressure
• Uterine contractions during childbirth
• Body temperature control
• Control of blood sugar

Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

• The heart
• The trachea
• The thymus
• The liver

The thoracic cavity lies _____________ the abdominopelvic cavity.

• dorsal (posterior) to
• ventral (anterior) to
• superior to
• inferior to