Chapter 17 AP Euro

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

• The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

• The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side.

• The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

• The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

• the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations.

• landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

• the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, as the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish their authority.

• farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, as herds diminished the lands’ productivity by trampling and flattening loose soil.

What was Jethro Tull’s contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

• He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses.

• He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

• He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them.

• He paved the way for peasants to own land—after he became the first non-noblemen to be England’s largest landowner.

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

• only in a few regions that were able to avoid warfare.

• primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations.

• primarily in prosperous regions that were establishing colonial lands in Asia and the Americas.

• in all regions.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

• Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

• Advances in agricultural methods produced abundant food supplies and eradicated famine.

• A return to the open-field system evened out food distribution and helped to prevent food shortages

• The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

• The rural poor worked for low wages

• Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists

• Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts

• The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money.

The industrious revolution was a result of

• the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset.

• efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors.

• merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled.

• poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Match the Definition with the Term

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

• Cottage Industry

• Putting out system

• enclosure

• crop rotation

Match the term with the definition

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

• economic liberalism

• debt peonage

• proletarianization

• guild system

At the center of Adam Smith’s arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

• the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

• capitalism could only flourish if workers’ wages were kept low

• guilds provided a structural stability to the economy that permitted the free market to function effectively.

• the government had a responsibility to protect consumers and the general public from price gouging and fraud