AP PSYCH - Learning

Negative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.

• Increases; decreases
• Decreases; increases
• Decreases; decreases
• Increases; does not affect

Attention, memory, imitation and motivation are the four elements required for the process of:

• Insight learning

• Latent learning

• Observational (social) learning

• Spontaneous recovery

John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.

• discriminative stimulus
• conditioned stimulus
• unconditioned stimulus
• extinguished stimulus

According to _________ theory, you are not consciously aware of how external stimuli have shaped your behavioral responses.

• Constructive memory

• repressive memory

• episodic memory

• priming

With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:

• The framing effect
• Confirmation bias
• Mental set
• Overconfidence

Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long.  Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt awful.  After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated.  In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

• tuna
• nausea
• mayo
• sight of any sandwich

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate it. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

• intrinsic motivation

• spontaneous recovery

• biological predispositions

• conditioned reinforcers

Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. What type of Operational Conditioning is taking place?

• positive punishment

• negative punishment

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

 Leah is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. What term is explained by this process?

• shaping
• habituation 

 When an animal receives a punishment but learns that pressing a button will eliminate the punishment, escape learning takes place. However, if there is no response that will turn off the shock, the situation is best described as what?

• avoidance learning
• learned helplessness