12. Bower Weathering Erosion Deposition

A valley is a low area of land on Earth’s surface located between hills or mountains. Valleys may be either V-shaped or U-shaped depending on the process that formed the valley. The illustration below shows a U-shaped valley. Which process most likely shaped this U-shaped valley?

• rain pounding Earth's surface

• freezing and thawing of groundwater

• a glacier scraping across the land

• water moving along a stream

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

The earth is built up and torn down in many ways. Physical and chemical weathering are processes which are very important in making soil. Which statement accurately describes an example of chemical weathering?

• In order for rock to become metamorphic rock, it must be heated and extreme pressure applied.

• In Alaska, rocks are broken due to continuous freezing and thawing of water sitting in cracks.

• Beautiful and strange rocks, shaped by blowing sand, dot the Western United States landscape.

• Sinkholes are formed in central Florida as seeping water dissolves underground limestone rocks

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

The illustration below shows a meandering river moving toward the ocean. What most likely happens to the river in the area indicated by the arrow?

• The river is narrowed by mechanical weathering caused by increased rain water.

• The river slows down as it nears the ocean and deposits silt and sediment.

• The river will eventually completely fill in with soil.

• The river is widened by deposition.

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The rock cycle is a model of how rock is changed from one type to another. The three rocks represented are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. What has to happen in order for metamorphic rock to form sedimentary rock?

• The rock must be weathered then compacted.

• Metamorphic rock does not change into sedimentary rock

• The rock must be melted by excessive heat and then solidified by cooling.

• Sediment must be put under pressure and heated to extreme temperatures.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

On October 4, 2005, Hurricane Wilma swept through South Florida causing devastating damage. Thousands of trees were blown over and uprooted. The 125 mph winds blew debris all over the place and in some instances blocking storm drains. This caused the flooding of streets and yards. Along the western coast near Naples, storm surge washed away large areas of the beach and also caused street flooding. Power lines were knocked down and people were without power for days. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the processes involved in the hurricane’s devastation?

• The windblown debris, caused by mechanical weathering, resulted in damage

• The effects of the flooding reflect damage caused by mechanical weathering.

• The washed away beach represents the damage caused by erosion

• The uprooted trees are an example of damage caused by erosion.

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

The illustration below represents the Grand Canyon.

• The layers of rock were broken apart by physical weathering caused by tree roots then blown away by the wind.

• The layers of rock were eroded by the strong winds whipping through the canyon.

• The layers of rock were eroded by chemical weathering caused by acid rain.

• The layers of rock were eroded by the force of the Colorado River.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

The photograph below shows a pile of rubble in front of the path of a Chilean glacier. Which statement best describes the processes that formed these piles of small rocks?

• The rocks were broken up by erosion, then weathered down the mountain by the glacier.

• By erosion, the glacier moved rocks down the mountain and then deposited them at the bottom.

• The rocks were eroded in slabs, then weathered by the wind at the foot of the mountain.

• The rocks were weathered by the force of a glacier.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

The chart below includes various examples of how the earth is built up or torn down. Which of the descriptions represents the process of physical weathering?

• 1 only

• 2 and 3

• 2, 4 and 5

• 2 and 4

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Malik and Jeanine were asked to demonstrate the answer to the question, “How does the slope of a mountain effect the amount of erosion that occurs?” They set up their demonstration, as shown in the illustration below, then measured and recorded the amount of soil eroded down the slopes by the water. The data table shows the average of their results. Which statement best explains how the slope of a mountain affects the amount of erosion?

• The height of a slope has no impact on the amount of erosion which occurs

• A higher slope results in more erosion.

• A lower slope results in more erosion

• A higher slope results in less erosion

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

The diagram below represents how rock is affected when water enters cracks in rock, freezes, and becomes ice. Which geologic process is represented in the diagram?

• Weathering

• Erosion

• Deposititon

• Metamorphism

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2