Industrializing America: Upheavals & Experiments (Chap 17 - 2)

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant?

• The lockout represented Carnegie’s effort to break the plant’s union.

• The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead.

• The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists.

• It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed.

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War?

• A shortage of agricultural products

• Slowing immigration

• A higher standard of living

• Rapid price inflation

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay “Wealth” (later called “The Gospel of Wealth”)?

• Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes.

• Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone’s standard of living rose.

• Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power.

• Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to

• huge budget deficits.

• significant tax increases.

• the dominance of large corporations.

• sustained inflation.

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common?

• All these men were immigrants into the United States.

• Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic.

• They succeeded through horizontal integration.

• They succeeded through vertical integration.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations?

• These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process.

• They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry.

• Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations’ businesses.

• These corporations operated using predatory pricing.

How did John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation’s oil refining capacity by the 1880s?

• Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

• By implementing the process of vertical integration

• Through expanded sales and production overseas

• By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon?

• The importance of proper labeling on food packages

• Businesses creating demand for brand names

• Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs

• Consumers’ desire for information about the products they consumed

Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century?

• More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

• By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm.

• Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married.

• In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home.

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century?

• Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages.

• Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

• Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company.

• There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants.