11.1 Immune Response

A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to exposure to a pathogen that previously caused infection. Which property of some viruses explains the lack of a secondary immune response?

• Viruses fail to induce a primary response.

• Viruses can have a high mutation rate.

• B cells do not interact with viruses.

• Antibodies cannot interact with viruses.

What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms, including a runny nose or itchy eyes?

• pathogens

• antigens

• histamine

• T-lymphocytes

Which sequence of events leads to the production of antibodies?

• A

• B

• C

• D

In the production of monoclonal antibodies, B-cells are fused to tumour cells to make hybridoma cells. What can hybridoma cells do?

• divide endlessly

• ingest antigens

• become memory cells

• bind to antibodies

What is an example of active immunity?

• Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta

• Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease

• Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding

• Antibodies produced after the defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens

What first happens to a B lymphocyte when it becomes activated?

• It divides by mitosis producing a clone of cells.

• It begins transcription and produces antigens.

• It differentiates into memory cells.

• It produces antibodies using its extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER).

What is clonal selection?

• Production of memory B cells

• Production of a group of identical organisms

• Passive immunity as a result of inoculation with antibodies

• Mitotic division of B cells activated in response to an infection

What occurs in the body after the injection of a vaccine containing antigens?

• Activated B-cells divide to form memory cells.

• The receiver of the vaccine develops passive immunity.

• Helper T-cells produce specific antibodies.

• Macrophages are cloned and destroy the antigen.

What is produced in the body during HIV infection?

• Anti-HIV antibiotics

• Anti-HIV antibodies

• Anti-HIV anticodons

• Anti-HIV antigens

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

• Active immunity is the stimulation of the immune system to produce antigen-specific antibodies.

• Vaccines produce immunological memory similar to that acquired by having the natural disease.

• The most common way to acquire passive immunity is to have the natural disease.

• Killed forms of a microorganism can act as an antigen.