WHAP Unit 8 Exam

The activities in the image best offer evidence of which of the following nineteenth century developments?

• Creation of regional networks of transportation

• Growing independence of working class women

• Changes in global migration patterns

• Material benefits of industrialization

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the global illicit opium trade was suppressed when the Opium War (1839–1842) ended. Which of the following evidence—supported by the photograph—best supports this historical reinterpretation?

• Qing China refused to allow the legalization of opium use when the Opium War ended.

• The British East India Company ended production of opium on plantations the corporation owned in India.

• Opium use in China was legalized as a result of the Opium War, and use spread to other lands.

• Global drug consumption peaked during the period of the Opium War and drastically declined following that conflict.

The photograph taken in Beijing in 1908 of Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, BEST exemplifies which of the following?

• The enduring power of patriarchy in different human societies over time

• Responses of states facing pressures to open their societies to foreign interactions

• Development of a rivalry between religious and secular authorities

• Use of symbols of imperial power to reinforce rulers’ priorities and prestige

Ordering the Delivery of OpiumCitation:

Reasons for the proclamation ordering foreigners to deliver up opium smuggled into China. In Readings in Modern European History. By James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard. Volume II. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1909. pp. 419-422.

First. You ought to make haste and deliver up the opium, by virtue of that reason which Heaven hath implanted in all of us. I find that during the last several tens of years, the money out of which you have duped our people by means of your destructive drug amounts I know not to how many tens of thousands of myriads. Thus, while you have been scheming after private advantage, with minds solely bent on profit, our people have been wasting their substance and losing their lives; and if the reason of Heaven be just, think you that there will be no retribution? If, however, you will now repent and deliver up your opium, by a well-timed repentance you may yet avert judgment and calamities; if not, then your wickedness being greater, the consequences of that wickedness will fall more fearfully upon you!

You are distant from your homes many tens of thousand miles; your ships, in coming and going, cross a vast and trackless ocean; in it you are exposed to the visitations of thunder and lightning and raging storms, to the dangers of being swallowed up by monsters of the deep; and under such perils, fear you not the retributive vengeance of Heaven? Now our great emperor, being actuated by the exalted virtue of Heaven itself, wishes to cut off this deluge of opium, which is the plainest proof that such is the intention of high Heaven! ...

Secondly. You ought to make immediate delivery of this opium, in order to comply with the law of your own countries, which prohibits the smoking of opium, and he who uses it is adjudged to death! thus plainly showing that you yourselves know it to be an article destructive to human life. If, then, your laws forbid it to be consumed by yourselves, and yet permit it to be sold that it may be consumed by others, this is not in conformity with the principle of doing unto others what you would that they should do unto you.

Now you foreigners, although you were born in an outer country, yet for your property and maintenance do you depend entirely upon our Chinese Empire; and in our central land you pass the greater part of your lives, and the lesser portion of your lives is passed at home; the food that you eat every day, not less than the vast fortunes you amass, proceeds from naught but the goodness of our emperor, which is showered upon you in far greater profusion than upon our own people. And how is it, then, that you alone do not tremble before and obey the sacred majesty of the laws?

Our great emperor looks upon the opium trade with the most intense loathing, and burns to have it cut off forever; and I, the high commissioner, looking up to the great emperor, and feeling in my own person his sacred desire to love and cherish the men from afar, do mercifully spare you your lives. I wish nothing more than that you deliver up all the opium you have got, and forthwith write out a duly prepared bond, to the effect that you will henceforth never more bring opium to China, and, should you bring it, agreeing that the cargo be confiscated and the people who bring it, put to death.

Of the following, which group was the author probably most interested in reaching with this passage?

• British people and other Europeans who used medicines including opium

• Qing dynasty bureaucrats

• Chinese merchants who purchased and sold opium to Chinese addicts

• Shareholders in the British East India Company who produced opium

The photograph of the trial of rebels, who were participants in the Boxer Rebellion, by mandarins representing the Chinese bureaucracy exemplifies which of the following?

• Imposition of a religion of salvation by military conquest

• Imposition of centralized governmental authority to quell internal dissent

• Evolution of a rivalry between secular authorities and commercial interests

• Devolution of political authority from centralized to regional governments

Which of the following groups was the artist most interested in reaching with this illustration of the offense of Western and Japanese troops against Boxer rebels during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion?

• Chinese nationalists interested in protecting their nation’s international status

• Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries active in East Asian states

• Japanese investors concerned about future investments in Korea and China

• Western European and U.S. opinion leaders supporting imperialism

Which of the following describes how the disparate group shown in the photograph ended up working together?

• The Natal, Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and British Rhodesia agreed to peacefully confederate; citizens of the new federation were granted suffrage, equal property and civil rights, and cooperated to uniformly share profits from the diamond and gold deposits.

• Leaders of the Afrikaner, or Boer, republics realized that they lacked the capital necessary to appropriately develop the diamond and gold deposits discovered on their land starting in the 1860s, so they opened their borders to migrants from all over the world and encouraged British capitalists to invest in the mining operations.

• Significant deposits of diamonds and subsequently gold were discovered in the Boer, or Afrikaner Orange Free State, and the South African Republic, or Transvaal—states controlled by Boer settlers—between the 1860s and 1880s.

• German intervention in the dispute between the Afrikaner nations of the Orange Free State and South African Republic against the British-controlled Cape Colony and Natal over opening the diamond and gold deposits resulted in Germany transporting millions of Chinese indentured servants to work the mines.

Description of the Sepoy UprisingCitation:Review of the English progress in India from 1757 to 1857. In Readings in Modern European History. By James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard. Volume II. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1909. pp. 310-312.

The great convulsion known as the Indian Mutiny broke out in May, 1857, consequent directly on the excitement and ill feeling engendered in the Bengal army by the well-known cartridge incident.[1] Any such military outbreak would naturally cause much civil disturbance and find numerous supporters outside the army, but the wide range and virulence of the general commotion that ensued were exceptional, and the rising was throughout marked by a variety of phases and by singular episodes, for which the disaffection of the troops and the cartridge incident do not of themselves adequately account. . . . Up to the year 1856, the year before the outbreak, there had been for a whole century a continuous, aggressive advance of the British power, till it completed the ring fence of the empire by the annexation of Oude. During all that time it had either been engaged in actual conflict or had been forming dominant relations with the several races of the country, and had reduced them one after another to subjection; some provinces being brought under its direct administration and others being left as feudatory or vassal states under their native rulers. At the start the old Mogul dominion had been in a hopeless state of decay, leading to all the horrors of internecine war, and some of the native principalities had gladly turned for safety to the shelter of English protection and supremacy. But the great mass of the people had been brought under our rule by conquest or forcible annexation. With ruling dynasties thus set aside, reduced, or crushed, with great races humiliated, and bitterness and misery spread broadcast by the loss of power and place and property, it would be an outrage on common sense to doubt that we had created a host of enemies. . . . The benefits of civilized rule, of the Pax Britannica, were felt only skin-deep, and the old fierce instincts, the outcome of centuries of strife and oppression, were still in the ascendant. The memory of injuries was still keen and vivid, the newer cases helping to recall the old ones, and to reopen sores that might otherwise have been getting healed; so that, briefly, the mood and temper which prevailed were those of a conquered people who had wrongs and humiliations to remember, and were chafing at having to endure the sway of aliens in race and creed. There existed, in fact, a mass of constant disaffection, and whole hosts of malcontents.Of these the most powerful and dangerous were the Mussulmans. The entire Mohammedan population were as a body rebels at heart, and resented the Christian supremacy, if only on religious grounds and from fanatical pride; and the Moguls of the Upper Provinces had in addition a natural longing to revive their old predominance and restore their old empire. Next may be mentioned the Mahrattas, a warlike and unscrupulous Hindu race, who, though now split up into rival States, had been most powerful as a confederacy, and felt that but for the British they would have been the masters of India.Another extensive body of malcontents consisted of those who were actual sufferers from British conquests or annexation, or from the action of British land policy.And a fourth group, especially dangerous from their spirit and energy, was formed by those who fretted at the closing of those outlets for ambition, and the loss of those opportunities for aggrandizement, through political intrigue or military prowess, that had been current of old.Such a mass of disaffection, however latent or suppressed, was obviously a standing menace to the tranquillity of the country, constituting a solid basis, and providing a powerful agency for the rousing of evil passions and the promotion of seditious enterprise, -- a sure factor in any movement or question involving the peace or security of the state.

[1] The troops objected, on religious grounds, to handling a cartridge smeared with animal grease.

In the excerpt, the author’s main purpose is to point out that

• most Indians were content with the peace and improved trading conditions British rule brought to India.

• the British conquest of India had resulted in disaffection among large segments of the Indian population and made rebellion more likely.

• the loyalty of both Muslim and Hindu troops in the Indian army to the queen’s government made British rule in India secure.

• British rule in India depended on the deployment of large number of British troops, while few Indians were allowed to serve in the army.

The map illustrating migration patterns in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries BEST exemplifies which of the following?

• influence of imperialism on migration

• effects of pandemic disease on patterns settlement

• manipulation of immigration decisions to spread religions of salvation

• resettlement of peoples as a result of world war

Which of the following would be the most accurate title for the map?

• “Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1914”

• “Christian settlement patterns in sub-Saharan Africa, ca. 1850”

• “Ottoman and European spheres of influence in Africa, ca. 1800”

• “Slave trade zones of influence, ca. 1950”