AP Biology Review: Organism Forms and Functions

In the human body, the respiratory system and circulatory system work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body. Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels occurs at the alveoli, small sacs within the lungs that are covered in a network of capillaries. If the surface area of the alveoli is decreased, how will this affect the organism as a whole?

• The individual will not be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body but will still be able to remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

• The individual will not be able to remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream but will still be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.

• The individual will not be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body OR remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.

• The individual will have an enhanced ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.

We know that plants bend toward light because

• The sun stimulates equal cell expansion on both sides of the stem

• cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.

• cell expansion is greater on the light side of the stem

• auxin is inactive on the dark side of the stem

Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. There are two types of plants based on their photoperiod requirements to induce flowering. These two types of plants are called short-day plants and long-day plants. A long-day plant will flower

• in the late fall.

• when the night is shorter than a critical value.

• only under artificial light in the summer

• regardless of the photoperiod imposed

• during short days with proper fertilization.

Macrophages are large white blood cells that can engulf foreign substances called antigens. Both macrophages and lymphocytes, such as T cells, appear together at the site of infection. Which statement best explains how macrophages initiate an immune response when a new antigen is first encountered?

• Macrophages incorporate the antigen into their genetic material and produce a large number of identical macrophages that are programmed to destroy that specific antigen.

• Macrophages present the antigen directly to a memory B cell that produces antibodies programmed to destroy that specific antigen

• Macrophages present the antigen to helper T cells, which activate memory B cells to produce plasma cells, and the plasma cells release antibodies that identify and destroy that specific antigen.

• Macrophages present fragments of the antigen to other macrophages, which are then able to seek out and destroy the antigen by releasing helper T cells that engulf that specific antigen.

What is the main difference between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response?

• The humoral response is a type of nonspecific immunity, whereas the cell-mediated response is a type of specific immunity.

• The humoral response is a type of specific immunity, whereas the cell mediated response is a type of nonspecific immunity.

• The humoral response involves the creation of antibodies to attack pathogens that are free-floating in the body fluids (ex: blood and lymph), whereas the cell mediated response involves the creation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected body cells.

• The humoral response involves the creation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected body cells, whereas the cell mediated response involves the creation of antibodies to attack pathogens that are free-floating in the body fluids (ex: blood and lymph).

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

• memory cells (both B cell and T cell varieties)

• macrophages

• stem cells

• antigens

Secondary immune responses (aka immunological memory) explain

• a macrophage’s ability to “swallow” an antigen (a foreign particle)

• the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others.

• the ability of a helper T cell to bind to an antigen-presenting cell

• the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased.

In animals, all of the following are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT

• migration of cells to specific areas

• formation of germ layers

• activation of all the genes in each cell

• inductive tissue interactions

• cell division at a relatively rapid rate

Releases hormones that control blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen formation or breakdown

• Testis

• Anterior pituitary

• thyroid

• pancreas

Secretes steroid hormones that affect secondary sex characteristics

• Testis

• Anterior pituitary

• thyroid

• pancreas