Learning

A simple association forms between two events when ________.

• the two events occur together

• the two events are associated with rewards

• only when the relationship between them makes sense

• only when the events result in an orienting response

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

• Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

• Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others.

• Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

• Organisms learn from the connections between stimuli.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was ________.

• the meat powder

• the apparatus

• a bell sound

• an electric shock

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ________.

• conditioning of behaviors

• conditioning of habits

• conditioning of stimuli

• conditioning of reflexes

When being photographed, Maria used to blink whenever the flash went off. Now, Maria starts blinking every time she is photographed, even before the camera's flash goes off. To Maria, the camera has become a(n) ________.

• unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

• unconditioned response (UR)

• conditioned stimulus (CS)

• conditioned response (CR)

Forward conditioning occurs when the ________.

• conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented

• unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus

• unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus

• neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n) ________.

• unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that has been removed is introduced once again

• unconditioned response (UCR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears

• conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears

• conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been removed is introduced once again

Thorndike's law of effect states that ________.

• an organism can learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

• the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

• children learn aggression by being exposed to aggressive adult role models

• some behaviors are inherently easier to learn than others

A(n) ________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.

• catalyst

• converter

• unconditioned stimulus

• reinforcer

Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of ________.

• backward conditioning

• stimulus discrimination

• positive reinforcement

• observational conditioning