Review1

________ is considered to be the founder of scientific psychology, in part because he founded the first university-based psychology laboratory.

• René Descartes

• Sigmund Freud

• Ivan Pavlov

• Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology is the science of behavior and the mind. Behavior refers to:

• the observable actions of a person or an animal.

• an individual's sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives, emotional feelings, and other subjective experiences.

• the parts of the brain that serve specific functions in the production of mental experience.

• adolescent brain function.

The philosophical theory that two distinct systems—the material body and the immaterial soul—are involved in controlling behavior is called __________.

• Nativism

• Dualism

• Materialism

• Empiricism

The idea that an inanimate object cannot learn because it does not possess any innate knowledge demonstrates which theory?

• empiricism.

• nativism.

• materialism

• behaviorism

Immanuel Kant distinguished between ____ knowledge, which is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned, and ____ knowledge, which is gained from experience in the environment.

• a posteriori; a priori

• nativist; empiricist

• empiricist; nativist

• a priori; a posteriori

The Law of Association by Contiguity states that if two things happen close together in ____ they will become _____ in the mind.

• time, broken

• space, stuck

• experience, tied

• time, associated

Which statement correctly represents the influence of empiricist philosophy on psychology?

• Contemporary psychologists believe that some knowledge is inborn.

• Empiricism inspired Ivan Pavlov's work toward the development of cognitive psychology.

• Most psychologists are interested in the effects of experiences on one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

• Empiricism influenced early psychologists' beliefs, but has no real application in the field today.

Pair and Share: Charlotte falls from her bike and scrapes her knee after riding around a street corner too sharply. The next time she is riding around a corner, she makes sure to slow down so that she will not fall and feel the pain of scraping her knee.

How would nativism account for this?

How would empiricism account for this?

How would dualism account for this?

How would materialism account for this?

Learning – an individual’s prior ________ as the cause: learning psychology

Cognitive – an individual’s knowledge or _____ as the cause in cognitive psychology.