Ch. 9: Physical & Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Children in middle childhood are in Piaget’s __________ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years.

• concrete operational

• preoperational

• sensorimotor

• formal operation

Children's informal sports and games _________.

• have become increasingly common among economically advantaged U.S. children

• remain common in village societies and in many low-SES communities in industrialized nations

• usually become contests of individual ability

• are associated with declines in self-esteem, as children compare themselves to peers

One limit of concrete operational thinking is that _______.

• children have difficulty using information from more than one source

• children are unable to work with information that they perceive directly

• children's mental operations work poorly with abstract ideas

• children are only able to think hypothetically about abstract situations

As a result of gains in metacognition, school-age children _________.

• are at risk for learned helplessness as they begin to doubt their own mental strategies

• expect all people to interpret events in the same way

• make an abrupt improvement in cognitive self-regulation

• realize that people can extend their knowledge by making mental inferences

According to the Flynn effect, the amount of increase in IQ from one generation to the next depends on _________.

• quality of schooling

• extent of societal modernization

• nutrition during infancy and early childhood

• SES and ethnicity