Mao's Consolidation of Power

^{Which problem were these measures intended to solve?}

^{· Tried to work with the “national bourgeoisie”. Compensated owners of nationalized industries and left them in place as managers in the short term.}

^{· Hired 10,000 Soviet advisors.}

^{· First Five Year Plan 1953-1957 (drawn up in 1952)}

^{- Targets: coal, steel, petrochemicals, automobile and transport industry}

^{- Several spectacular civil engineering projects, ie road and rail bridge across the Yangzi at Nanjing - According to statistics, the plan exceeded targets in most areas. (These statistics are suspect, but the achievements are nonetheless impressive, especially considering the percentage of the budget going to finance the war effort .) In addition, we need to remember that part of the increase was natural recovery from the civil war and WWII.}

^{- Economic growth rate of 9% between 1952-57}

• Agricultural production had fallen 35% over the years of war.

• Industrial production had fallen 50% over the years of war.

• Inflation was 1000% in 1949, (made worse by the fact that all the gold reserves had been taken to Taiwan.)

• China wasn’t recognized by most foreign powers. Its only ally was the USSR.

• They did not yet have full control of China. – Tibet and Xinjiang had never really been fully controlled even by the Qing, and had been doing their own thing since 1911. There were still GMD elements in Guangdong.

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

1950-51 “Peaceful Liberation of Tibet”, and CCP control established in Xinjiang and Guangdong

A new system of government was established, dominated by the CCP.

• Agricultural production had fallen 35% over the years of war.

• Industrial production had fallen 50% over the years of war.

• Inflation was 1000% in 1949, (made worse by the fact that all the gold reserves had been taken to Taiwan.)

• China wasn’t recognized by most foreign powers. Its only ally was the USSR.

• They did not yet have full control of China. – Tibet and Xinjiang had never really been fully controlled even by the Qing, and had been doing their own thing since 1911. There were still GMD elements in Guangdong.

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

Help from USSR:

-1950 Treaty of Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance

- Soviet Aid was a loan, not a gift, and they charged interest

- China had to take out high interest loans to pay for the 10,000 Soviet Advisors

- China had to pay through the nose for Soviet arms during Korean War

War with USA

-1950-53 Chinese and Americans fight each other in the Korean War

1950- c. 1972 Chinese school children taught to view USA as the "number one enemy"

This involved chanting "Death to the American imperialists and all their running dogs" every day before classes.

• Agricultural production had fallen 35% over the years of war.

• Industrial production had fallen 50% over the years of war.

• Inflation was 1000% in 1949, (made worse by the fact that all the gold reserves had been taken to Taiwan.)

• China wasn’t recognized by most foreign powers. Its only ally was the USSR.

• They did not yet have full control of China. – Tibet and Xinjiang had never really been fully controlled even by the Qing, and had been doing their own thing since 1911. There were still GMD elements in Guangdong.

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

• Eliminated the landlord class in the “speak Bitterness campaign”,
• Redistributed the land to the peasants and encouraged them to work cooperatively in “mutual aid teams” then Lower stage APCs (1953-53) then Higher Stage APCs (1955)

• Agricultural production had fallen 35% over the years of war.

• Industrial production had fallen 50% over the years of war.

• Inflation was 1000% in 1949, (made worse by the fact that all the gold reserves had been taken to Taiwan.)

• China wasn’t recognized by most foreign powers. Its only ally was the USSR.

• They did not yet have full control of China. – Tibet and Xinjiang had never really been fully controlled even by the Qing, and had been doing their own thing since 1911. There were still GMD elements in Guangdong.

Which problem were these measures intended to solve?

• reducing public expenditure,
• raising taxes in the cities
• replacing the old currency with the RMB.
• Confiscated the property of GMD supporters who had left the country.
• Nationalised banks, electricity and transport

• Agricultural production had fallen 35% over the years of war.

• Industrial production had fallen 50% over the years of war.

• Inflation was 1000% in 1949 (made worse by the fact that all the gold reserves had been taken to Taiwan.)

• China wasn’t recognized by most foreign powers. Its only ally was the USSR.

• They did not yet have full control of China. – Tibet and Xinjiang had never really been fully controlled even by the Qing, and had been doing their own thing since 1911. There were still GMD elements in Guangdong.

What is the term for this definition?

This emphasized self-reliance of China, avoiding dependence on foreign powers, continuing revolution through each generation to prevent counter-revolution and guarantee support for the regime, class struggle – even directed at Communist party cadres, learning from the people and mass mobilisation.

• Common Program

• New Democracy

• Mao Zedong Thought

• Lao Gai

What is the term for this definition?

An elite group within the party who had been fully indoctrinated with its ideology and methods and were given leading roles in government administration and political education, and in the PLA. cementing CCP control of the country.

• Party Members

• Danwei

• National Bourgeoisie

• Cadres

What is the term for this definition?

This began in October 1950. It targeted the foreigners who had remained in China, especially Americans. Many were arrested and tried as spies. Christian churches were closed, their property seized and priests and nuns expelled from the country. By the end of 1950, almost all non-Soviet foreigners had left. Businesses, Universities and churches with foreign links came under suspicion.

• Three Antis Campaign

• Five Antis Campaign

• Hundred Flowers Campaign

• Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign

• Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Campaign

What is the term for this definition?

Campaign in 1951 targeting waste, corruption and inefficiency. It was carried out through mass meetings in which officials and managers were denounced, investigated and publicly humiliated if found guilty. It served to stifle potential opposition as well as to stamp out many corrupt practices.

• Three Antis Campaign

• Five Antis Campaign

• Hundred Flowers Campaign

• Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign

• Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Campaign

What is the term for this definition?

The system by which party and government officials, military personnel and employees of state-run enterprises were guaranteed employment and an income for life. This helped to ensure loyalty.

• Danwei

• Hukou

• Lao Gai

• Iron Rice Bowl

• Cadres