AP Psychology Unit 6

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

• generalization

• extinction

• negative reinforcement

• discrimation

• latent learning

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

• can be used as negative reinforcers.

• are acquired through observational learning.

• may be produced through classical conditioning.

• are highly hereditable from biological parents.

• can interfere with the process of learning.

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)

• primary reinforcer.

• immediate reinforcer.

• conditioned stimulus.

• conditioned reinforcer.

• unconditioned stimulus.

If a tone that regularly signals food triggers a salivation response, then a light that becomes associated with that tone may also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates

• higher-order conditioning.

• a variable-ratio schedule.

• the law of effect.

• positive reinforcement.

• latent learning.

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

• secondary reinforcement.

• generalization

• shaping

• latent learning.

• spontaneous recovery.

Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

• spontaneous recovery.

• secondary reinforcement.

• generalization.

• intermittent reinforcement.

• shaping.

According to the text, learning involves

• a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

• the ability to think abstractly.

• acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly.

• a reduction in extrinsic motivation.

• the development of prosocial behavior.

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

• shortly after the CR.

• shortly before the US.

• shortly after the US.

• shortly before the CR.

• at the same time as the US.

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

• UR

• US

• SA

• CR

• CS

Ivan Pavlov's experiments

• exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning.

• demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively.

• illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning.

• revealed how biological predispositions affect learning.

• showed that cognition is important to learning.