Chapter 6 Quiz (SUPA)

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

• responses come to be controlled by their consequences

• an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others’ behavior

• an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end

• a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog’s tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov’s terms, the meat powder is

• an unconditioned stimulus

• an unconditioned response

• a conditioned stimulus

• a conditioned response

A conditioned stimulus is

• a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

• an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning

• a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

• a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

One Saturday, Lexi was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lexi she had just won a $1000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1000. Now Lexi finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. In this example, the rush of excitement that Lexi felt when she heard she had won the gift certificate is

• the conditioned stimulus

• the unconditioned stimulus

• the unconditioned response

• the conditioned response

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

• a conditioned response

• an unconditioned response

• a conditioned stimulus

• an unconditioned stimulus

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist’s drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist’s office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is

• an unconditioned response

• a conditioned stimulus

• a conditioned response

• an unconditioned stimulus

Primary reinforcers are effective because

• they satisfy basic biological survival needs

• we inherently want approval for our actions

• they have been associated with secondary reinforcers and have become reinforcing

• the organism has learned to want them

Negative reinforcement

• is the removal of an aversive condition following a response

• weakens the preceding behavior

• is the onset of an aversive condition following a response

• works just the opposite to positive reinforcement

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a

• negative reinforcer

• positive reinforcer

• punisher

• vicarious conditioner

Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of

• classical conditioning

• shaping

• spontaneous recovery

• innate stimulus release