What APWH Period Is This?

Increased volume of trade across the Silk Roads, trans-Saharan trade network, and Indian Ocean led to growth of powerful new trading cities.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

The expansion of the Mongol Empire facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

The growth of inter-regional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies, such as the astrolabe and compass.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

Islam expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

The Song Dynasty of China utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

New Hindu and Buddhist states emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

Intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)

Growth of inter-regional trade in luxury goods (silk and cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious metals and gems, slaves, exotic animals)

• Late Post-Classical (1200-1450)

• Early Modern (1450-1750)

• Modern (1750-1900)