The diagram above shows the index minerals Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. Which statement is best supported by the diagram?

• A fingernail will scratch calcite but not gypsum

• Calcite will be scratched by a copper penny

• The mineral apatite will scratch topaz

• A steel file has a hardness of about 7.5

If bedrock at a collisional plate boundary contains crystals, these crystals are changed into kyanite as temperature and pressure conditions increase. What is this process called?

• weathering

• solidification

• metamorphism

• cementation

Which physical property of Halite is demonstrated by this pattern of breakage?

• hardness

• streak

• cleavage

• luster

Parts of gemstone's value is based on the way the gemstone shines in reflected light. The way a mineral reflects light is described as the mineral's.

• fracture

• hardness

• luster

• streak

The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?

• The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as rocks become deformed

• The weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating, and nuclear fusion

• Horizontal pressures developed as rocks deform, bonding, heat released during crystallization

• Internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, heat released during chemical weathering

Which type of rock is formed when hot lava cools?

• igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

Owen tested physical property of a mineral. He rubbed a mineral sample on a piece of white tile. The mineral left a red mark on the tile.

Which of the following physical properties of the mineral was Owen most likely testing?

• cleavage

• hardness

• luster

• streak

Which process is necessary for the formation of igneous rocks?

• erosion

• deposition

• metamorphism

• solidification

Which of these is not responsible for the formation of igneous rock?

• sediments

• liquid rock

• magma

• lava

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usually composed of

• intergrown minerals

• minerals

• fossils

• sediments