Module 12: Adolescence

How does the brain change during adolescence?

• It grows bigger in size

• It develops more nerve endings

• It develops better impulse control, judgment, and reasoning

• It develops new glands

The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development (in order) are:

• Sensory-motor, pre-operational, formal operational, concrete operational.

• Sensory-motor, formal operational, concrete operational, optional.

• Sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational.

• Sensory-motor, abstract operational, logical operational, formal operational.

Kohlberg believed...

• There is a universal sequence to the development of morality and the stages begin earlier in childhood.

• There are 5 stages of moral development.

• There is a strict structure to how children develop that must be adhered to. Children can not move outside of these set groups.

• There are four aspects of cognitive development.

Three stages of Kohlberg's moral development include (in order):

• Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional.

• Conventional, pre-conventional, post-conventional.

• Post-conventional, conventional, sub-conventional.

• Pre-conventional, post-conventional, conventional.

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) believed:

• Each child develops an understanding of the distinct nature of the self. They develop a unique sense of identity.

• Each adult develops an understanding of themselves after a certain age which they must develop into middle age.

• Each person develops a unique perspective of the world around them.

• Each adult fights an internal battle in moving past ego-centricism.

Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior?

• Trust vs. Mistrust 
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Intiative vs. GUilt 
• Industry vs. Inferiority 

According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence?

• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Generativity vs. Stagnation 

He stressed the importance of observation and imitation in learning. His research included studying children with a Bobo doll.

• Albert Bandura
• Carl Bobo
• Paul Ekman
• David Wechsler

How do cliques help adolescents with social development?

• They encourage them to develop stronger family ties.
• They emphasize the importance of preparing for college and a career.
• They foster friendships with individuals from a wide variety of cultures and social classes.
• They help adolescents establish an identity.

In Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Thinking during the level of preconventional morality the focus is....

• self interest
• maintain social order by upholding laws and rules
• self defined ethical principles