Cognition - Problem Solving and Cognitive Biases

______________ are shortcuts and incomplete simplified strategies that we often use to solve problems.

• Algorithms

• Heuristics

• Confirmation Bias

• Prospect Theory

Using heuristics leads to _________________ ______________.

• Normative models

• Independent sysytems

• Cognitive Biases

• Descriptive models

______________ _________ is the tendency to seek out information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.

• Framing Effect

• Confirmation Bias

• Selective Attention

• Congruence Bias

A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 

• confirmation bias.
• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.

Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: 

• functional fixedness.
• the availability heuristic.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.

Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third.  This best illustrates:

• framing.
• belief bias.
• representativeness heuristics.
• confirmation bias.

Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as: 

• the representativeness heuristic.
• belief perseverance.
• confirmation bias.
• functional fixedness.

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 

• the availability heuristic.
• functional fixedness.
• an algorithm.
• the representativeness heuristic.

The last time Mark's computer froze he restarted it and it worked. The next time his computer froze the only solution he could think of is to restart it again.

• out of box thinking

• divergent thinking

• functional fixedness

• Mental set

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a

• prototype.
• mental set.
• algorithm.
• fixation.