In the late 1800s, southern state governments used literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses to

• ensure that only educated individuals vote

• integrate public facilities

• prevent African Americans from voting

• require African Americans to attend school

During the late 1800s, major improvements to a nationwide system of trade were made with the

• completion of transcontinental railroads

• construction of toll roads

• use of steamboats on rivers

• construction of a network of canals

Which argument was used by President Abraham Lincoln to explain his policy of leniency toward the South after the Civil War?

• Most Southerners have remained loyal to the Union during the war.

• Most Southerners are willing to grant equality to formerly enslaved persons

• The federal government has no authority to punish states for secession.

• Healing the nation’s wounds quickly is essential.

A primary reason for the passage of the 14th amendment in 1868 was to

• uphold the legality of the Black Codes

• guarantee citizenship rights to the newly freed slaves

• continue the presidential plan for Reconstruction

• prohibit the secession of states

After the Civil War, white Southern landowners used sharecropping to

• sell their plantations to formerly enslaved persons

• encourage freedmen to migrate north

• maintain a cheap labor supply

• set up schools to educate formerly enslaved persons

After 1877, racial segregation became widespread in the South primarily as a result of the

• activities of the Freedmen’s Bureau

• stationing of federal troops in the South

• passage of Jim Crow laws

• decline of the Ku Klux Klan

What was a common goal of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution?

• creating a “separate but equal” society

• allowing the states to veto federal laws

• granting basic rights to formerly enslaved persons

• punishing the South for seceding from the Union

Which action was an attempt by southern state governments after the Civil War to limit the rights of African Americans?

• ratification of the 13th amendment

• impeachment of President Andrew Johnson

• implementation of the Black Codes

• establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau

After the Civil War, freedmen in the South had difficulty improving their economic condition because

• literacy for formerly enslaved persons was prohibited

• the federal government confiscated their 40- acre grants

• the system of sharecropping kept them in a cycle of poverty

• migration of factory workers from Northern cities had created competition for jobs

Which statement best describes how the status of African Americans in the South changed soon after the end of Reconstruction in 1877?

• African Americans faced increasing discrimination and segregation

• Poll taxes and literacy tests were eliminated for African Americans

• Increasing numbers of African Americans were elected to public office

• The Supreme Court consistently supported civil rights for African Americans