Each fall, Sandra goes to her doctor to get vaccinated for the flu. As a baby, she was vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and has not had to get vaccinated for Hepatitis since then. Why must Sandra get vaccinated each year for the flu when she does not need to get vaccinated each year for Hepatitis?

• A. The flu virus is more dangerous than Hepatitis.

• B. The flu virus is more likely to mutate than Hepatitis.

• C. The flu virus is more likely to kill people than Hepatitis.

• D. The flu vaccine is not as strong as the vaccine for Hepatitis.

Which of the following would be the best way to determine whether or not an individual has a viral infection?

• A. Look for evidence of a high-grade fever.

• B. Look for the presence of redness and swelling.

• C. Look for evidence of specific antibodies in the blood.

• D. Look for the presence of white blood cells in the blood.

Which of the following factors is the most effective in preventing the spread of food-borne illnesses?

• A. growing your own food

• B. practicing safe food handling

• C. purchasing only packaged food

• D. testing your food for contaminants

Which of the following statements regarding the nonspecific immune response is true?

• A. It is antigen-dependent.

• B. It results in immunological memory.

• C. It combines physical, chemical, and mechanical factors.

• D. It involves a long delay between exposure and maximal response.

žThe human immune system is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that defend against viruses and microorganisms every day. In the human body, there are two different response systems (as described in the table below).

• A. X= Active, Y= Passive

• B. X= Acquired, Y= Inborn

• C. X= Inborn, Y= Acquired

• D. X = Antibodies, Y= White Blood Cells

Certain cells are activated by the immune system to find and destroy pathogenic cells that make their way into the body. T cells are affected by macrophages as a step in what type of immune system response.

• A. a specific, general response

• B. a specific, targeted response

• C. a nonspecific, general response

• D. a nonspecific, targeted response

Which of the following would be the best way to determine whether an individual has a viral infection?

• A. Look for evidence of a high-grade fever

• B. Look for the presence of redness

• C. Look for evidence of specific antibodies in the blood

• D. Look for the presence of white blood cells in the blood

Which of the following statements regarding the nonspecific immune response is true?

• A. It is antigen-dependent

• B. It results in immunological memory

• C. It combines physical, chemical, and mechanical factors

• D. It involves a long delay between exposure and maximal response

Which of the following practices is the best way to prevent the spread of the covid-19 virus?

• A. Eating healthy food

• B. Avoiding public places

• C. Washing hands frequently

• D. Taking large doses of vitamins

Why is treatment with antibiotics not recommended for the covid-19?

• A. They are only effective in treating the fever

• B. They are ineffective against viral infections

• C. They increase the susceptibility to future colds

• D. They require a dosage that most people would not tolerate