Which one of the following is the correct statement about muscle action and antagonistic muscle pairs?

• When a muscle contracts it pushes a bone, for example, the biceps and triceps

• Movement is brought about through antagonistic pairs, for example, the pectorals and abdominals

• Muscles are arranged in pairs, for example, the hamstrings and quadriceps

• When one muscle contracts the other relaxes to bring about movement, for example, the trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Which one of the following terms, A, B, C or D, is being described in the statement below?

The volume of blood leaving the heart per beat

• Maximum cardiac output

• Stroke volume

• Cardiac output

• Heart rate

Which one of these lung volumes is defined as the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration?

• Expiratory reserve volume

• Inspiratory reserve volume

• Residual volume

• Tidal volume

Which one of these muscles is found at the shoulder joint?

• Deltoid

• Gastrocnemius

• Gluteals

• Tibialis anterior

Which one of these bones is located at the ankle joint?

• Femur

• Humerus

• Scapula

• Talus

Which one of these is a long term benefit of exercise?

• Higher resting heart rate

• Reduced blood pressure

• Reduced stroke volume

• Reduced tidal volume

Which one of these is incorrect?

• The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles

• The skeleton provides protection for vital organs

• The skeleton provides structural shape and points for attachment

• The skeleton provides support

During inspiration, which one of these must air first pass through before entering the bronchi?

• Alveoli

• Bronchioles

• Lungs

• Trachea

Which one of these is an immediate effect of exercise?

• Improvement in muscular endurance

• Improvement in stamina

• Increase in aerobic fitness

• Increase in heart rate

Which one of these causes plantar flexion at the ankle?

• Gastrocnemius

• Hamstrings

• Quadriceps

• Tibialis anterior