RI 8.1-Citing Evidence to Make Inferences

What is the formula for an inference?

• Front-ground Details + More Details = Inference

• Background Knowledge + Evidence = Inference

• background + knowledge = Inference

• trick question - there is no such thing

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Sometimes we have to “read between the lines.” Authors don’t always tell us everything. We need to use textual evidence and prior knowledge to understand the text better. 

• True
• False

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Being able to make inferences will make you able to provide answers to questions that are not directly stated in the text.

• TRUE

• FALSE

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Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier were papermakers, but they had been interested in flying for many years. One night, in 1782, Joseph noticed something that gave him an idea. He was sitting in front of the fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper being carried up the chimney.Soon afterwards, the brothers conducted an experiment. They lit a fire under a small silk bag, which was open at the bottom; at once, the bag rose to the ceiling. After this, Stephen and Joseph conducted many more experiments, both indoors and in the open air. Eventually, they built a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5th, 1783, they launched their balloon in the village of Annonay.

What evidence in the passage could lead you to infer that the Montgolfier brothers discovered how to make a hot air balloon?

• “He was sitting in front of the fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper being carried up the chimney.”

• “Eventually, they built a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5th, 1783, they launched their balloon in the village of Annonay.”

• “After this, Stephen and Joseph conducted many more experiments, both indoors and in the open air.”

• none of the above

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Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier were papermakers, but they had been interested in flying for many years. One night, in 1782, Joseph noticed something that gave him an idea. He was sitting in front of the fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper being carried up the chimney.Soon afterwards, the brothers conducted an experiment. They lit a fire under a small silk bag, which was open at the bottom; at once, the bag rose to the ceiling. After this, Stephen and Joseph conducted many more experiments, both indoors and in the open air. Eventually, they built a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5th, 1783, they launched their balloon in the village of Annonay.

What evidence in the text could lead you to infer that the Montgolfier brothers launched the first successful hot air balloon?

• “He was sitting in front of the fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper being carried up the chimney.”

• “Eventually, they built a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5th, 1783, they launched their balloon in the village of Annonay.”

• “After this, Stephen and Joseph conducted many more experiments, both indoors and in the open air.”

• none of the above

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Which sentence best supports the following inference?

Lyndon B. Johnson was president during a critical period in U.S. history.

Lyndon Baines Johnson

Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States. He was born on a farm near Stonewall, TX, in the hill country west of Austin. Johnson was still young when he went to Washington D.C. to pursue a career in politics. Johnson served 12 years in the United States House of Representatives. He then served another 12 years in the United States Senate. Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his vice-presidential running mate during the 1960 presidential election. The Democratic Party won, and Johnson became the vice president.

For three years, Johnson had little influence in government. His situation changed drastically in 1963. Two hours after John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as President. Johnson went on to win a subsequent term during the 1964 presidential election.

Johnson's term as president was occupied by many challenges. The Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement were causing social unrest. War protests and urban riots were taking place across the country. Johnson has received a mixture of praise and criticism for the way he handled these events.

• Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States.

• Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his vice-presidential running mate during the 1960 presidential election.

• His situation changed drastically in 1963.

• War protests and urban riots were taking place across the country.

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The Earth's Giant Sweater

Global warming is the rise in the Earth's surface temperature that has been happening since the mid-1900s. Scientists believe that greenhouse gases are to blame. They trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. The heat warms the air, and eventually, the oceans and the ground. As an example, think of how people like to wear white on hot, sunny days because it reflects the sun's rays rather than absorbing them. Black clothing absorbs heat and eventually makes the wearer hot.

Greenhouse gases are like a giant black sweater—they let the sun's rays in, but they don't allow the heat back out. The greenhouse effect, a kind of "natural blanket," was great because it made the Earth warm enough for people to inhabit it. But once the Industrial Age began and factories began using fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, the greenhouse effect started working a little too well. Burning these things puts more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, the Earth now absorbs more heat than it lets back out into the universe.

The planet's rising temperature could have cataclysmic effects. Melting polar caps result in rising ocean levels. Increases in flooding, drought, and extreme weather events are expected. Global warming is projected to continue indefinitely if nothing is done to reduce the level of greenhouse gases in the air. Car companies are developing hybrid cars. "Going green" efforts and campaigns to end pollution are at an all time high.

From this passage, the reader can conclude

• A. going green is a very expensive trend that won't last long.

• B. hybrid cars and trucks are the automobiles of the future.

• C. global warming is not as big a deal as people make it out to be.

• D. if nothing is done to stop global warming, the planet will suffer.

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Astronauts Living in Space

by Becky Bray and Patrick Meyer

Astronauts living in space do many of the same things they would do on Earth. They eat, sleep, work, wash, and have fun, just as we do on land.

The astronauts are prepared to meet the challenges of living in space. They must have a college degree in engineering and must complete at least 1500 hours of instructional flying time. They must graduate from a school for jet pilots.

They also must meet stiff requirements and undergo difficult training before they are approved for a space trip. Training in jet aircraft and simulated spacecraft prepares them to cope with the effects of weightlessness. In addition, they must be in excellent physical condition when they enter the spacecraft, and they must maintain their health during the flight.

Astronauts have to be careful when eating in the space shuttle because their food can float away. Sticky foods are the best, and crumbly food isn't sent to space. Many foods have the water removed, so they weigh less and take up less room. Before eating, the astronauts add water and squish the food and water around in a plastic bag so that it is not too dry to eat. Astronauts can add hot water for hot food, but there is no refrigerator on the shuttle, so no cold drinks.

Astronauts agree that sleeping in the shuttle is an adventure, too. Some astronauts like to float free in the shuttle to sleep, gently bouncing off a wall once in a while. Other astronauts sleep better if they are zipped into a sleeping bag. They say it feels more like sleeping in a bed on Earth. There's even a little pillow that they can fasten to their heads with a strap.

Staying clean is harder in space, too. There is no shower or bathtub on the shuttle, so astronauts have to take sponge baths. They can brush their teeth the regular way but have to be careful that toothpaste globs don't drift away.

One of the most important things astronauts must do every day in space is exercise. Without gravity, the human body starts to lose muscle and bone tissue. To keep their bodies strong, astronauts exercise using a treadmill or rowing machine.

In spite of the many similarities between living on Earth and living on the space shuttle, space is still a hostile environment for human beings. We still have much to learn about how to make our astronauts comfortable in space.

Which sentence from the article supports the idea that astronauts have to be educated?

• A. "They can brush their teeth the regular way but have to be careful that toothpaste globs don't drift away."

• B. "They must have a college degree in engineering and must complete at least 1500 hours of instructional flying time."

• C. "Before eating, the astronauts add water and squish the food and water around in a plastic bag so it is not too dry to eat."

• D. "Some astronauts like to float free in the shuttle to sleep, gently bouncing off a wall once in a while."

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Rattlesnakes

Scientists have studied rattlesnakes for hundreds of years, yet, there continue to be myths about these snakes.

The snake's rattle, which lends it its name, contains hard, loose parts made of the same material found in human nails. When cornered, the snake shakes its tail to make a rattling noise. Researchers used to think that the number of rattles on a snake indicates its age. However, it is now known that each time a rattlesnake sheds its skin, it adds a rattle. These snakes shed their skins about four times a year, and often the rattles break off.

Research shows that rattlesnakes have deep social ties. Mothers and babies are known to stay together until babies first shed their skin. Mothers keep their young close to them. If they sense any threat, they shake their rattles and adopt a threatening posture. Studies also show that some rattlesnake young even return to their mother's den after they have grown up.

Volumes of literature exist on rattlesnakes. It is clear, however, that more research will continue to be conducted to understand the characteristics of rattlesnakes.

What can the reader infer about rattlesnakes based on the passage?

• A. Rattlesnakes have qualities that are similar to humans.

• B. Rattlesnakes shake their rattles in unison to communicate.

• C. Rattlesnakes are scary and well-understood creatures.

• D. Rattlesnakes have been known to live for a very long time

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CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RI.8.1

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CCSS.RL.9-10.2

CCSS.RI. 9-10.1

Rattlesnakes

Scientists have studied rattlesnakes for hundreds of years, yet, there continue to be myths about these snakes.

The snake's rattle, which lends it its name, contains hard, loose parts made of the same material found in human nails. When cornered, the snake shakes its tail to make a rattling noise. Researchers used to think that the number of rattles on a snake indicates its age. However, it is now known that each time a rattlesnake sheds its skin, it adds a rattle. These snakes shed their skins about four times a year, and often the rattles break off.

Research shows that rattlesnakes have deep social ties. Mothers and babies are known to stay together until babies first shed their skin. Mothers keep their young close to them. If they sense any threat, they shake their rattles and adopt a threatening posture. Studies also show that some rattlesnake young even return to their mother's den after they have grown up.

Volumes of literature exist on rattlesnakes. It is clear, however, that more research will continue to be conducted to understand the characteristics of rattlesnakes.

What can the reader infer based on the second paragraph of the passage?

• A. The snake uses the rattle for many reasons except protection.

• B. The rattlesnake’s skin does not contain material found in human bodies.

• C. The rattlesnake is known to shed parts of its skin once every year.

• D. The snake's rattle is not a dependable source to determine a rattlesnake’s age.

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