organizations formed by merchants; their main purpose was to protect their members

• Feudalism

• Manor

• Serf

• Lord

• Guild

A social and economic system based on a strict hierarchy; Kings, Lords, Knights, Serfs

• Feudalism

• Manor

• Serf

• Lord

• Guild

Peasants who had to stay on the land and farm it for the profit of the lord

• Feudalism

• Manor

• Serf

• Lord

• Guild

Large estates made up of farmland, the manor house, serfs' huts, a church, and other buildings

• Feudalism

• Manor

• Serf

• Lord

• Guild

Nobles with large estates; very powerful

• Feudalism

• Manor

• Serf

• Lord

• Guild

Peasant girl who led the French army to victory against England during the Hundred Years' War

• Crusades

• Middle Ages

• Black Death

• Charlemagne

• Joan of Arc

A series of military campaigns that western Europeans made to capture the Holy Land from Muslims

• Crusades

• Middle Ages

• Black Death

• Charlemagne

• Joan of Arc

The historical period between the classical era of Greece and Rome and the modern era in Europe

• Crusades

• Middle Ages

• Black Death

• Charlemagne

• Joan of Arc

United most of western Europe into one state known as the Holy Roman Empire; King of the Franks

• Crusades

• Middle Ages

• Black Death

• Charlemagne

• Joan of Arc

A plague that spread across Europe; 20 million people died

• Crusades

• Middle Ages

• Black Death

• Charlemagne

• Joan of Arc