Learning

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

• Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

• Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others.

• Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

• Organisms learn from the connections between stimuli.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was ________.

• the meat powder

• the apparatus

• a bell sound

• an electric shock

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ________.

• conditioning of behaviors

• conditioning of habits

• conditioning of stimuli

• conditioning of reflexes

When being photographed, Maria used to blink whenever the flash went off. Now, Maria starts blinking every time she is photographed, even before the camera's flash goes off. To Maria, the camera has become a(n) ________.

• unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

• unconditioned response (UR)

• conditioned stimulus (CS)

• conditioned response (CR)

A(n) ________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.

• catalyst

• converter

• unconditioned stimulus

• reinforcer

Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of ________.

• backward conditioning

• stimulus discrimination

• positive reinforcement

• observational conditioning

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

• No, because punishments are always positive.

• Yes, because punishments are always negative.

• Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors.

• No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

Pavlov used a _____ in his experiments instead of a bell

• Megaphone
• Drum
• Alarm clock
• Buzzer

In Russia, he studied physiology and discovered the basic learning process called classical conditioning.

• John Locke
• Sigmund Freud
• Ivan Pavlov
• Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In classical conditioning what is the Unconditioned Stimulus

• Food before conditioning
• Buzzer sound
• Food after conditioning
• Dog salivating