EMC Theory Assessment1 - Shock

Normal blood volume for adults

• 70 ml/kg

• 80 ml/kg

• 90 ml/kg

• 100 ml/kg

• 60 ml/kg

Normal blood volume for children

• 70 ml/kg

• 80 ml/kg

• 90 ml/kg

• 100 ml/kg

• 60 ml/kg

Normal blood volume for neonates

• 70 ml/kg

• 80 ml/kg

• 90 ml/kg

• 100 ml/kg

• 60 ml/kg

These increase BP by increasing CO

• Adrenal hormones

• Reduced cardiac contractility

• Haemorrhage

• Increased heart rate

• Increased blood volume

Factors affecting stroke volume

• age

• gender

• afterload and preload

• hormones

• duration of contraction

Factors affecting heart rate

• heart size

• autonomic innervation

• hormones

• age

• contractility

Factor affecting both heart rate AND stroke volume

• age

• fitness levels

• contractility

• gender

correct formulae

• BP = CO x PVR and CO = HR x SV

• BP = HR x CO and SV = HR x PVR

• SV = PVR x HR and BP = CO x SV

• SV = CO x BP and CO = PVR x HR

These decrease PVR (pulmonary vascular resistance)

• increased blood viscosity

• vasodilation

• anemia

• increased vessel turbulence

• increased vessel length

Maximum stretch of the musculature of the cardiac ventricles just before contraction. This is a pressure measurement on the cardiac walls.

• Contractility

• Preload

• Afterload

• Stroke Volume

• End Diastolic Volume