The nature of data/observation

Quantitative or qualitative values of a variable. It can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas.

• Data

• Measurement

Original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind.

• Secondary

• Primary

Data that has been already collected by and readily available from other sources.

• Secondary

• Primary

Refer to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and categorized

• Scales of measurement

• Scales of data

Numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” only, to identify or classify an object.

• Ordinal Scale

• Nominal Scale

Represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order.

• Ordinal Scale

• Nominal Scale

is a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary.

• Ordinal Scale

• Interval

is a type of variable measurement scale which is quantitative in nature and allows any researcher to compare the intervals or differences.

• Ratio

• Nominal Scale

is the difference between a measured quantity and its true value.

• Margin Error

• Measures of Error

Give ways to Reduce Measurement Error