Trials Jeopardy!

This term refers to the treatment effect under ideal conditions:

• What is effectiveness?

• What is efficacy?

• What is effect size?

• What is efficiency?

Tightly controlled trials strengthen this characteristic:

• What is generalizability?

• What is external validity?

• What is internal validity?

• What is measurement validity?

Successful randomization ensures that these variables are balanced between trial arms:

• What are random number generators?

• What are allocation sequences?

• What are known and unknown confounders?

• What are mediators?

This term refers to the state of uncertainty over whether a treatment is beneficial:

• What is equipoise?

• What is blinding?

• What is ethical conduct?

• What are non-randomized trials?

Blinding in trials protects against this type of bias:

• What is selection bias?

• What is detection bias?

• What is attrition bias?

• What is survival bias?

Stringent eligibility criteria in trials ensure this feature among participants:

• What is homogeneity?

• What is heterogeneity?

• What is control?

• What is noise?

This approach to analysis includes all randomized participants regardless of protocol deviations:

• What is analysis by treatment received?

• What is multiple regression analysis?

• What is per protocol analysis?

• What is intent-to-treat analysis?

This time period is built into cross-over trials to reduce carryover effect:

• What is a waitlist control?

• What is exposure reduction?

• What is a washout period?

• What is equalization?

In this trial design, naturally occurring groups are randomized to trial arms:

• What are factorial designs?

• What are cross-over designs?

• What are adaptive designs?

• What are cluster-RCTs?

This type of trial aims to establish that the new treatment has similar efficacy to an existing treatment:

• What is an active control trial?

• What is a superiority trial?

• What is a non-inferiority margin?

• What is an equivalence trial?