Biology Final Exam Units 7-11

This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among some mammals based on

homologous structures. Which statement is supported by this cladogram?

• Toothed whales are more closely related to mouse deer than to hippopotamuses.

• Cows and mouse deer are more closely related than javelinas and pigs.

• Javelinas and pigs are more closely related than baleen whales and toothed whales.

• Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas.

Which of the following structure pairs provides the best evidence of a common ancestor based on the anatomical similarities?

• Bee wings and bird wings

• Legs on a beetle and legs on a cat

• Whale flipper and bat wing

• Human eyebrows and ant antennas

In this cladogram all the animals to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of —

• lungs

• jaws

• claws or nails

• fur

In 2010, scientists excavated a skull fossil that provides evidence of a newly discovered species of big cat. Based on the evidence, scientists hypothesize that big cats branched off from smaller wild cats about 6 million years ago. Which of these resources did the scientists most likely rely on to form their hypothesis?

• The historical record of interactions between different species of big cats.

• The fossil record and DNA comparisons of big cats and small cats.

• Population and migration data for small wild cats living in the ecosystem where the skull was found.

• A food web showing feeding relationships of organisms where the fossil skull was found.

Here are four organisms' Amino Acid sequences. Which organism is the LEAST related to the other three organisms?

• Organism 1

• Organism 2

• Organism 3

• Organism 4

Natural selection relates to adaptations in all the following ways except-

• adaptations that cause a disadvantage to the species are selected against and do not become common in the population

• natural selection grants a species any trait it might need for survival.

• changes that make organisms better suited to their environment become common in the species.

• organisms with traits that best enable them to adapt to an environment are the ones most likely to survive.

The table shows the number of differences in the cytochrome b protein between different populations of lizards. Which conclusion about the relatedness of the lizards do these data support?

• G. simonyi and G. bravoana are the most closely related.

• G. atlantica and G. stehlini are the least closely related.

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. galloti palmae are the most closely related.

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. galloti galloti are the least closely related.

Adaptations that result from natural selection are expected to increase the fitness of an organism. In natural selection, which of the following best describes fitness?

• Being able to survive long enough to reach the adult stage.

• Being able to escape from predators.

• Being among the strongest organisms in a population

• Being able to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring

Which statement about the survival rate of beetles in this environment over the last 3 years issupported by the data?

• Brown beetles have a shorter life cycle than green beetles have.

• Green beetles have a greater gene frequency among their population than brown beetles have.

• Green beetles are more fit for the environment than brown beetles are.

• Brown beetles undergo a greater number of unfavorable mutations than green beetles do.

Viruses can be transmitted through air, water, food, insect bites, and direct skin contact. Once a virus gains entry to the body, it invades a host cell in order to —

• deactivate the host cell’s defenses.

• metabolize host proteins and grow.

• access cellular processes for replication.

• synthesize antibodies for defense.