UNIT 9 VOCAB

Artificial Selection

• When structures are the same

• occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water.

• the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.

• the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others.

Geographic Isolation

• Similar physical characteristic; different functions

• a theory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.

• the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.

• occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water.

the condition in which a normally diploid cell or organism acquires one or more additional sets of chromosomes. In other words, the polyploid cell or organism has three or more times the haploid chromosome number.

• Natural Selection

• Artificial Selection

• Polyploid

• Reproductive Isolation

a theory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.

• Punctuated Equilibrium

• Convergent Evolution

• Gradualism

• Directional Selection

a pattern of sustained, directional, and incremental evolutionary change over a long period during the history of a species.

• Divergent Evolution

• Gradualism

• Convergent Evolution

• Geographic Isolation

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Reproductive Isolation

• Speciation

• a pattern of sustained, directional, and incremental evolutionary change over a long period during the history of a species.

• occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other.

• the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences.

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Convergent Evolution

• the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

• evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. Adaptive radiations are best exemplified in closely related groups that have evolved in a relatively short time.

• occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other.

• the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period.

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Directional Selection

• involves the evolved resemblance of a species acting as 'mimic' to a living or non-living 'model', such that a selective agent or 'dupe', unable to distinguish between them, interacts with the mimic as it would with the model — to the benefit of the mimic.

• determines how frequent the allele expression of a particular gene arises in a population.

• various cells, tissues, and organs in a body which no longer serve a function. A vestigial structure can arise due to a mutation in the genome. This mutation will cause a change in the proteins that are required for the formation of the structure.

• occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other.

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Divergent Evolution

• a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.

• the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

• the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period.

• the total genetic diversity found within a population or a species. A large one of these has extensive genetic diversity and is better able to withstand the challenges posed by environmental stresses.

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evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. They are best exemplified in closely related groups that have evolved in a relatively short time.

• Convergent Evolution

• Homologous structures

• Adaptive Radiation

• Divergent Evolution

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