Living Environment Genetics Regents Review

The diagrams below represent two reproductive processes used by different organisms. When compared to organisms that utilize process A, organisms that utilize process B would most likely produce offspring with

• a greater variety of genetic combinations

• fewer genetic differences

• more genetic combinations

• more DNA within each nucleus

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A weightlifter has spent years building his muscular strength. His newborn daughter has normal strength for a baby. Which statement best explains this situation?

• A daughter inherits most of her traits from her mother. The daughter’s muscles are unlikely to resemble her father’s.

• The weightlifter’s wife probably did not lift weights. Both parents must have this trait before the baby can inherit it.

• Babies do not have strong muscles. The daughter’s muscles will be unusually strong in a few more months.

• The weightlifter’s highly developed muscles resulted from exercise. A characteristic such as this will not be inherited.

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A female giraffe has 62 chromosomes in each of her skin cells. How many chromosomes will be in the skin cells of her offspring?

• 124

• 62

• 31

• 30

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BRCA genes are human genes that normally work to help shut down cancer cells before they can harm the body. Scientists have learned that individuals inheriting a damaged form of a BRCA gene are at greater risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. This discovery is an important first step in

• preventing the uncontrolled meiotic division of cells in humans

• identifying individuals at risk and recommending preventive treatment

• being able to detect all the genes that regulate meiosis

• helping to eliminate all BRCA genes

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Gene editing can be used to swap out an unwanted gene for a desirable one from the same species. Which statement best explains why the desired gene will be found in all cells that come from the genetically edited cell?

• The original cell will reproduce by meiosis and a mutation will occur.

• The altered DNA in the edited cell will be replicated and passed on to each new cell during mitosis.

• DNA replication in body cells will result in sperm and egg cells with the edited gene.

• The desired gene will be inserted into each new cell by using restriction enzymes.

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Identical twins were separated at birth and raised by two different families. Years later, one twin was a physically fit member of the cross-country team, and the other twin was overweight with slightly higher-than-normal blood pressure. The differences in these twins could be explained by the fact that

• the genes in the two individuals are completely different

• in twins, each individual inherits genes from only one parent

• the DNA bases in twins combine differently

• the environment can influence the expression of genes

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Traits are passed from parents to offspring. These traits are determined by

• chromosomes, located on genes, found in the nucleus

• genes, located on chromosomes, found in the nucleus

• chromosomes, located on genes, found in the ribosomes

• genes, located on chromosomes, found in the ribosomes

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Two kittens in a litter are genetically different from each other and from their parents. These genetic differences are most directly due to

• sexual reproduction

• asexual reproduction

• cloning

• evolution

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Sexually reproducing organisms pass on genetic information as a

• long chain of amino acids

• complex series of inorganic proteins

• sequence of complex sugars

• sequence of the bases A, T, C, and G

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Following fertilization, a zygote divides and soon becomes a multicelled embryo with many different cell types, as represented below. Which statement best explains this development?

• Specialization occurs, resulting in the formation of a great variety of cell types.

• Genes are inserted into the zygote to allow for the formation of different cell types.

• The expression of genes responsible for the different cell types is controlled by the placenta.

• The genetic information in the zygote is divided to produce a complete set for each cell type.

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