Law - 3rd lecture - The application of law

The process of application of the law includes inter alia:

• promulgation of a new legal act

• definition of the actual status in the specific case

• employment of judges

• concluding a contract

What can be an evidence:

• only documents

• expert's reports

• only documents and witnesses testimonies

• only visual inspection

In Polish law:

• there are strict rules of assessment of evidence

• all evidence always has the same weight

• documentary evidence is more important than witness evidence

• court assesses the value of evidence at its own discretion

The expression "lex retro non agit" means that:

• law does not apply to future events

• law does not apply to entities who are not citizens of the country

• law does not apply to persons enjoying immunity

• law does not apply retroactively

What method of law interpretation may be used:

• only grammatical method

• inter alia teleological method

• only grammatical and systematical methods

• only grammatical and historical methods

Legal definitions are used by legislators on purpose to:

• create a new terms

• always extend the meaning of words

• precise the meaning of words

• extend the scope of application of legal act

Directives issued by the EU institutions:

• have individual and specific nature

• leaves to the national authorities the choice of form and methods

• are binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States

• can be issued only by the Commision

Regulations issued by the EU institutions:

• have individual and specific nature

• leaves to the national authorities the choice of form and methods

• are binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States

• are binding only on the member states to whom they are addressed