N World History Final Exam 2022

Lacking natural resources to sustain its industry, Japan resolved to establish control over . . . Southeast Asian countries rich in oil, tin, iron, and rubber — putting it on a collision course with European colonial powers.

During the 1930s, Japan grew more nationalistic and militaristic. In 1940, it established the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a bloc of Asian nations freed of western influence, to gain access to their resources. It joined the Axis powers through the Tri-Partite Pact with Germany and Italy. In response, the United States moved the Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor in 1941 and embargoed oil bound for Japan.

“Pacific Battles,” Pearl Harbor National Memorial, National Park Service

• Japan had adopted a policy of aggressive expansionism.

• Japan had established a military alliance with Russia.

• Japan had placed an embargo on foreign goods.

• Japan had refused to trade with European colonial nations.

During the medieval period, West Africans traded gold for salt, using camels to create a network that connected with North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Trade led to great diversity in cultural diffusion and helped local rulers build strong states, like the kingdom of Ghana.

Based on the text, what was the role of trade in West Africa during the medieval period?

• Trade led to the building of great empires and also increased cultural diffusion, leading to a diverse population.

• Trade led to the building of great empires that were democratically governed by leaders of the new middle class.

• Trade was essential to the West African economy because the region had no local natural resources.

• Trade was economically essential for West Africa, but it resulted in Middle Eastern domination of West African states.

1200s: The Statute of Merton (1235) and the Statute of Westminster (1285) make it legal to enclose small landholdings within larger farms.

1700s–1800s: Enclosures become more widespread and many small farmers are displaced as unenclosed common land is limited.

Based on the information, how did the Enclosure Movement create conflict for English farmers?

• The changing agricultural landscape forced many farmers off the land and created a system of collectivization.

• The changing agricultural landscape forced many farmers off the land and led to urbanization.

• The changing agricultural landscape created many farming jobs, which led to mass migration to rural areas.

• The changing agricultural landscape led to increased production as tenant farmers created their own farms.

The theory that the Earth is round had been familiar to the Greeks and Romans. The awakening of interest in Greek science, as a result of the Renaissance, called renewed attention to the statements by ancient geographers. After the revival of Ptolemy’s works in the fifteenth century, scholars very generally accepted the globular theory; and they even went so far as to calculate the circumference of the Earth. Men had long believed that west of Europe lay mysterious lands. So then they went to exploring. 

Adapted from World History by Hutton Webster, 1921

Based on the text, how did the work of ancient geographers affect global interaction during the Renaissance?

• It discouraged further scientific thought and discovery.

• It resulted in decreased European interaction with other societies.

• It led to a European desire to explore new lands and trade route

• It increased resistance to exploration of unknown areas.

The First Five-Year Plan also called for transforming Soviet agriculture from predominantly individual farms into a system of large state collective farms. The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. By 1940, approximately ninety-seven percent of all peasant households had been collectivized and private ownership of property almost entirely eliminated.

Adapted from “Internal Workings of the Soviet System,” Revelations from the Russian Archives, Library of Congress

Based on the text, which statement best describes the Soviet response to capitalism?

• It encouraged the growth of family farms.

• It nearly eliminated private ownership.

• It embraced the idea of a free market economy.

• It reduced grain production in favor of other goods.

Spain’s explorations were driven by the desire to expand its knowledge of the world, to discover spices and riches and to expand Christianity. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, took a westerly course across the Atlantic Ocean searching for an alternative route to the Indies, he inadvertently “discovered” a new continent.

Hispanic Exploration in America, Library of Congress

• They caused changes in religious views of science.

• They caused changes in government systems.

• They caused knowledge of agriculture to expand.

• They caused countries to seek new resources and trade.

Economic Developments in Europe after World War I:

high rates of inflation

high unemployment levels during the Great Depression

failure of democratically elected parliaments to solve economic problems

How did these economic developments affect politics in European countries after World War I?

• They led to the adoption of communist political systems.

• They led to the strengthening of absolute monarchies.

• They led to the rise of  totalitarian governments.

• They led to the creation of liberal, democratic governments.

The text below describes the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, which divided newly discovered lands in the Americas between Spain and Portugal: The Spaniards agreed with the Portuguese that the Line of Demarcation should separate the regions claimed by each. The Spaniards were to hold all lands discovered west of that line, and the Portuguese all east of it. This left Brazil within the region claimed by the Portuguese. This clarified what was theirs. The rest of North and South America lay within the Spanish claims.

Adapted from Introductory American History by Henry Eldridge Bourne and Elbert Jay Benton, 1912

Based on the text, which was an effect of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

• It provided European nations with equal access to the resources of the Americas.

• It permitted the people of the Americas to retain their religious and cultural traditions.

• It strengthened the political authority of indigenous leaders in the Americas.

• It

  It clarified European claims to resources and territories in the Americas.

It is legal because I wish it.

King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)

Based on the quote, how did the reign of King Louis XIV influence French government during the 1600s and 1700s?

• The people of France obtained the right to vote for their country’s laws and leaders.

• The king held absolute power and could make personal decisions about the laws.

• A legislative body ensured that citizens and national leaders followed the law.

• Religious leaders limited the power of the king to enforce his religious beliefs on the nation’s citizens.

Generations of fighting in the Hundred Years’ War strengthened French nationalism and loyalty to the king. The king became less dependent on the Estates General, clergy, nobility, and commoners, and gained the power to raise national taxes, which supported a larger army.

Based on the text, how did the Hundred Years’ War affect political rule in France?

• It led to the development of an absolute monarchy.

• It strengthened the French systems of feudalism and manorialism.

• It increased popular support for the ideas of democracy and natural rights.

• It established the authority of the French king as the new Holy Roman emperor.