5.4 Industrialization spreads Notes

Which of the following countries industrialized after Britain?

• India

• Belgium

• France

• All of the above

Answer explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above." India, Belgium, and France all underwent industrialization after Britain. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and then spread to other parts of Europe and eventually to other regions, including India. Belgium and France also experienced industrialization in the 19th century, following Britain's lead.

Which of the following factors delayed the Industrial Revolution in France?

• Favorable factors for industrialization

• Sparsely populated urban centers

• The French Revolution and subsequent wars

• The lack of attention and capital from France's elites

Answer explanation

The French Revolution, which began in 1789, and the wars that followed, especially the Napoleonic Wars, created a period of political instability and economic disruption in France. This turmoil hindered the development of industrialization by diverting resources, causing economic uncertainty, and disrupting social and economic structures. The focus on political and military issues during this time period contributed to delays in the industrialization process in France.

Which of the following best explains why Germany's industrialization was delayed in the 19th century?

• A lack of natural resources

• Political fragmentation into numerous small states

• Economic instability

• Lack of technological advancements

Answer explanation

Germany was not a unified nation during much of the 19th century; instead, it consisted of numerous independent states with different political systems, regulations, and currencies. This fragmentation made it challenging to establish a cohesive and unified industrialization strategy. The lack of a centralized government and unified economic policies hindered the development of a large-scale, coordinated industrialization effort. It was only in 1871, with the unification of Germany under Bismarck, that the country began to overcome these challenges and catch up with other industrialized nations.

Which of the following was a key factor in the United States' success during its industrial revolution in the 19th century?

• Natural resources

• Human capital (the workforce)

• Political stability

• High technology industry

Answer explanation

Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals that can be used to produce goods and services. In the passage, it is stated that human capital was a key factor in the United States' success during its industrial revolution in the 19th century.

Which country had become the fourth largest producer of steel in the world by 1900?

• Russia

• China

• Japan

• United States

Answer explanation

By 1900, the United States had become the fourth-largest producer of steel in the world.

Which of the following best describes Japan's approach to industrialization in the 19th century?

• Japan adopted technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States in order to protect its traditional culture.

• Japan had little contact with Europe since the 17th century, but still managed to industrialize.

• Japan's industrialization was similar to that of other Asian countries in the 19th century.

• Japan actively sought out and adopted European and American technology and institutions in order to become a world power.

Answer explanation

During the late 19th century, Japan underwent a rapid process of industrialization known as the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912). The Japanese government actively sought knowledge and expertise from the West, adopting technologies, institutions, and practices to modernize the country and strengthen its military and economic capabilities. This deliberate approach aimed at incorporating Western advancements while preserving elements of Japanese tradition helped Japan transform into a major industrial and military power by the early 20th century.

Which of the following best explains why Indian shipbuilding suffered during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries?

• The political alliances formed between India and western countries

• British officials' mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership

• Britain's Royal Navy took complete control of the Indian Ocean in 1830

• The Indian Navy was disbanded by 1863

Answer explanation

The most accurate explanation for why Indian shipbuilding suffered during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries is not explicitly provided in the answer choices. However, a contributing factor was the economic policies of the British East India Company, which had a detrimental impact on indigenous industries.

What led to the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals during British colonial rule?

• Lack of natural resources

• Lack of skilled labor

• Steep British tariffs

• Inefficient mining techniques

Answer explanation

During British colonial rule in India, the decline of the country's ability to mine and work metals was primarily attributed to the imposition of steep British tariffs and the utilization of inefficient mining techniques. British policies, including high tariffs and taxes, were designed to benefit the British Empire at the expense of Indian industries, making it challenging for local businesses to compete. Additionally, the colonial administration neglected to modernize and enhance mining practices, relying on outdated methods that hindered productivity. These economic and technological factors collectively contributed to the deterioration of India's mining and metalworking capabilities during the colonial period.

Which of the following was a result of the fear of another uprising in British-colonized India in the 19th century?

• The Arms Act of 1878

• The restriction of access to minerals

• The restriction of the production of firearms

• All of the above

Answer explanation

The Arms Act of 1878 was a result of the fear of another uprising in British-colonized India in the 19th century. It was enacted by the British colonial government to regulate the possession and carrying of arms in order to prevent Indians from being able to organize armed resistance against British rule. This act restricted the Indians' access to firearms, thereby curbing the potential for rebellion.