HGD Chapter 4 Review

Self-awareness that reflects a "sense of me" develops

• a. early in the first year of life.

• b. late in the second year of life.

• c. little, if at all, until adolescence.

• d. around 6 months of age.

Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be what?

• a. inconsistent.

• b. abusive or neglectful.

• c. unavailable or rejecting.

• d. responsive and affectionate.

Baby Joshua lets out a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. This pattern can best be described as a(n) ________ cry.

• a. surprise

• b. basic

• c. pain

• d. anger

Social smiling occurs as early as ________ of age.

• a. 4 weeks

• b. 2 months

• c. 7 months

• d. 9 months

When parents consistently overprotect or criticize toddlers, the children develop?

• a. self-management and self-esteem.

• b. shame and doubt.

• c. a sense of adventure and excessive risk taking.

• d. autonomy and independence.

Why do researchers study whether infants recognize themselves in a mirror?

• a. to make a personality assessment

• b. to assess infants' visual perception

• c. to evaluate infants' sense of independence

• d. to determine when infants develop a sense of self

Modern research has shown that the most important element in developing attachment between a child and a caregiver is

• a. contact comfort.

• b. feeding.

• c. visual familiarity.

• d. language interaction.

According to Bowlby, in which phase do infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures?

• a. phase 1

• b. phase 2

• c. phase 3

• d. phase 4

The ________ emphasizes that development is the result of a bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment and is concerned with both parental influences on children and children's

influence on parents.

• a. study of developmental social neuroscience

• b. development cascade model

• c. attachment theory

• d. epigenetic view

________ is a behavior in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents.

• a. Scaffolding

• b. Attachment

• c. Detachment socialization

• d. MAX