Victimology, Week 2

In Walklate (2021), what were the 4 strands of Victimology identified?

• Positive, Radical, Critical, and Cultural

• Feminist, Marxist, Functionalist, Interactionist

• Classical, Old, Contemporary, and Postmodern

• General, Human and Penal Victimologoy

Concerning the scope of victimology (what victims should be included within its scope), Garkawe (2004), recongnises "three prominent positions" that emerged within the 70s and 80s. Which positions did he mention?

• General, Human and Penal victimology

• Radical, Critical and Cultural

• Inherent, Structural and Experiential

• Anthropocentric, Eco-centric and Biocentric

What kind of court does Christie (1977) advocate for?

• One with better trained legal representatives, so the victim can have the important aspects of their story told

• A court where there is only objective members who do not know those involved

• One where the victims does not have to face the offender or the community

• A victim-centered and a Lay-orientated court

What is 'Indirect Victimisation'?

• Where the victims become "double losers"; they are victimised by the initial crime event and then by the media/society who blame them or dint cater to their needs.

• Where the offender commits an act that unknowingly results in victimization. For example, air pollution.

• Where crime events impact on persons emotionally close to crime victim, such as their families

According to Nils Christie, how has the victims role been diminished within the CJS Process?

• Due to increased professionalisation within the CJS, where lawyers and judges dominate the court space and crime narrative. 

   

• They have been sidelined by Austerity measures and COVID-19 , leading to the stagnation of 75,000 cases within the magistrates

Which statements conform to the view of 'victim status as a social construction'.

• Whether or not you are a given victim status, is innately and solely bound by the harm that has been inflicted.

• Whether or not you are labelled as a victim is dependent on the context you fund yourself in in

• Whether or not you are labelled as a victim is solely dependent on the law

• Whether or not you accept the status of a victim may be dependent on how others see you and you see yourself.

Give 2 disadvantages of using Victimisation Surveys, such as the Crime Survey for England and Wales, to gauge victimisation rates.

• They rely on an individuals memory and their interpretation as to whether or not there was in fact a crime, and whether they were a 'victim' of it.

• The sample size of the CSEW is low and thus not representative.

• They fail to account for invisible victims/ victimless victims, such as the homeless or people who dont realise that they are victims, such as victims of pollution or fraud victims.

• The CSEW only occasionally conducts investigations into victimisation

How does the Crown Prosecutions Service provide Safeguarding for Children as Victims and Witnesses.

Pick multiple

• Removal of wigs and gowns

• Remote Live link interviews

• Use of Screens

• Use of an intermediary who assissts in communication

What did McDonald (1976) suggest about victims status and their role within the CJS?

• That it was much worse and less central prior to the 19th century.

• That the status and role of victims has not changed.

• That the status and role of victims within the CJS was better prior to the 19th century.

This perspective is characterized by:

- The relationship between the offender and the victim

- Characteristics or lifestyles that make the victim more prone

- Street level crime

- Victim precipitation

Which perspective is this?

• Cultural victimology

• Positivist victimology

• Radical victimology

• Critical victimology