Which THREE sentences should be included in a summary of paragraphs 18–27?

“One group thinks the brain is a ‘whole intelligence,’ that is, that your brain is one interconnected ‘mind.’” (18)

“The human brain, it turns out, is both localized and interconnected.” (27)

“His injury is not at the back of his head in the cerebellum or at the bottom of the brain near the brain stem.” (18)

“Dr. Sizer tries to disguise the source of his report to the American Phrenological Journal in 1851, writing, ‘We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.’” (24)

Reread the first six sentences from paragraph 22: “Back in 1850, the Localizers/Phrenologists haven’t seen a single thought or brainwave. Still, that doesn’t stop them from identifying thirty-seven ‘organs’ of the brain. How do they do it? Bumps. That’s right. Bumps on the head.” The author’s words and phrases imply that he

is amused by the Phrenologists’ belief in the science of bumps

admires the Phrenologists’ determination to prove their theory

prefers the Phrenologists’ theory to the Whole Brainers’ theory.

considers his subject matter too serious for joking.

Which TWO details from paragraph 24 provide the best evidence for the Localizers’ theory that specific “‘organs’ inside the brain control specific functions” (20)? Choose TWO sentences below.

The tamping iron has not killed him because the damage is limited to specific organs that are not critical to life.

Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the "completely recovered" Phineas is no the old Phineas.

Dr. Harlow is a Localizer, or at least he is a friend of some leading localizers/ Phrenologists.

Dr. Sizer is a big man in phrenology and lectures on it all over New England.

In Paragraph 25, the author states, “Dr. Sizer’s report is wonderful news for the Localizers/ Phrenologists” (25). The word “wonderful” implies that the Localizers were happy because

the change in Phineas’s personality proved that an injury to a specific part of the brain only affects a specific function of the brain

the change in Phineas’s personality proved that an injury to a specific part of the brain affects all of its functions.

Which sentence from the text provides the BEST evidence that Phineas’s behavior changed after his accident?

“’We have been informed by the best authority that after the man recovered, and while recovering, he was grossly profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.’” (24)

“Yet here is Phineas alive in Boston, walking, talking, and taking care of himself.” (23)

“Yet the Localizers/Phrenologists don’t have all the facts.” (24)

“Dr. Harlow leaks the information to Dr. Sizer that the ‘completely recovered’ Phineas is not the old Phineas.” (24)

Which statement is most true, according to the passage?

The Whole Brainers and the Localizers both got some things right and some things wrong.

The Localizers were right and the Whole Brainers were wrong.

The Whole Brainers were right and the Localizers were wrong.

The Whole Brainers and the Localizers were both completely wrong.

According to the passage, why was Phineas so interesting to doctors?

Each group of doctors thought they could use his survival to support their own theories.

His injury was at the rear of the brain, which doctors did not know much about.

The doctors could make a lot of money by showing Phineas’s skull and tamping iron to the public.

Phineas could explain to them which of their theories was correct.

Why did the Whole Brainers believe that Phineas's case proved their theory?

The Whole Brainers thought that since Phineas had survived and could still think the other parts of his brain had picked up the slack for the damaged parts.

They believed that Phineas's injury showed that people lose a function when that place in the brain is injured.

Phineas Gage - Whole Brainers vs. Localizers

Authored by Jessica Langley

English

7th Grade

CCSS covered

Used 57+ times

Phineas Gage - Whole Brainers vs. Localizers

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read this passage from paragraph 18: “If Phineas survived with a large piece of his cortex destroyed, then what does the cortex do? Across America and Europe, doctors are fiercely divided over this very question. There are two rival schools.” Which word in this passage provides the strongest context clue for the meaning of "rival"?

Doctors

Fiercely

Divided

Schools

Tags

CCSS.RI.6.4

CCSS.RI.7.4

CCSS.RI.8.4

CCSS.RL.6.4

CCSS.RL.7.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which sentence from paragraph 20 BEST shows how the Localizers’ research was limited by a lack of technology?

“They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will.

Dr. Gall called his brain science "phrenology" ( a made-up Greek word).

“By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that ‘organs’ inside the brain control specific functions.”

“Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what.”

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.1

CCSS.RI.7.8

CCSS.RL.7.1

CCSS.RI.6.1

CCSS.RL.6.1

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which sentence states a conclusion the Whole Brainers draw from the case of Phineas Gage?

They concluded that, "Unfortunately, the Whole Brainers have no hard evidence for their theory" (19).

They conclude that a "weak electrical current applied to the exposed brain of a laboratory animal will make certain muscles twitch involuntarily and certain senses sharpen or go dead” (21).

They conclude that, “If you have a weak organ, it will be small and you'll have a dip or depression in your skull” (22).

"Therefore, say the Whole Brainers, the whole brain must be able to perform any function of one part." (23)

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.1

CCSS.RI.7.8

CCSS.RL.7.1

CCSS.RI.6.1

CCSS.RI.8.8

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which sentence from paragraph 20 BEST summarizes the Localizers' belief about how the brain is structured?

They are followers of the Austrian Dr. Gall, who started the brain revolution by declaring that the brain was the seat of intelligence, emotions, and will.

Dr. Gall called his brain science "phrenology" (a made-up Greek work).

By any name, the Localizers, or Phrenologists, believe that "organs" inside the brain control specific funcitons.

Unfortunately, the Phrenologists have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what.

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RL.6.2

CCSS.RL.7.2

CCSS.RI.8.2

CCSS.RL.8.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

This question has two parts. Part 1: According to the text, how would Whole Brainers explain how the brain is structured?

The brain is one "whole intelligence" and any part of the brain can give instruction or thought.

The brain is divided into a group of organs, each of which has a specific function.

The brain is divided into specific areas, many of which interact with each other to control specific functions.

Tags

CCSS.RI.6.7

CCSS.RI.7.7

CCSS.RL.7.7

CCSS.RL.8.5

CCSS.RL.8.7

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

This question has two parts. Part 2: Which part of the text supports your answer?

“Whole Brainers believe that thoughts and commands can originate anywhere in the brain jelly/cloud and flash into action.” (18)

“His opponents believe in ‘localized function’; that is, they believe that the brain is divided into specific areas that control specific things.” (20)

“The 10 billion neurons in your brain are not connected at random.” (26)

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RL.6.2

CCSS.RL.7.2

CCSS.RI.6.2

CCSS.RL.8.2

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Why does the author include paragraph 21 between paragraphs 20 and 22? Select the TWO correct reasons.

To explain how the technology used by Phrenologists in 1850 worked.

To explain what Phrenologists believed the bumps on a person's skull reveal about his or her brain.

To explain how later researchers will be able to use technology to visualize brain activity in ways that researchers in 1850 weren't able to do.

To support the claim that Phrenologists in 1850 "have no way of knowing which part of the brain controls what" (20).

Tags

CCSS.RI.7.2

CCSS.RI.7.1

CCSS.RI.7.6

CCSS.RI.7.3

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