381 Unit 2 Review Session

What is the strength and direction of a r= 0.67?

• Strong & Positive

• Moderate & Negative

• Strong & Negative

• Moderate & Positive

Looking at this plot, what would you assume is the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables plotted? Select all that apply.

• Positive

• Negative

• Weak

• Strong

In the context of research methods and what you have learned so far, explain why the meme below is funny.

Answer explanation

The image shows four different cats sitting on four different areas that appear to be damaged or sunken in. At first glance, one might think that the cats caused the damaged or sinking of material because they are just that heavy (hence the rhetorical question: “How heavy are cats?”). The repeated instances of this might lead someone to assume that cats cause damaged where they sit or that cats are truly that heavy. Based on what we learned in this Unit, we know that correlation does not equate to causation. In all, we can't imply that it is the cats that lead to the damage.

You are a volunteer volleyball coach at your local youth center. In working with your athletes, you notice that there might be a connection between the praise you give athletes and their game performance. You predict that the athletes that receive more praise from you during practice will score a higher number of points in the game than those that receive less praise from you. You randomly select half of your athletes to receive praise (meaning 2 or more pieces of verbal praise) from you during practice. You set the other half of athletes to receive minimal to no praise from you (meaning 1 or less pieces of verbal praise). You then keep track of each athlete’s total points scored in their season games.

What would be the null hypothesis of your study?

Answer explanation

There is no significant difference in number of points scored per game between praise and no-praise athletes.

You are a volunteer volleyball coach at your local youth center. In working with your athletes, you notice that there might be a connection between the praise you give athletes and their game performance. You predict that the athletes that receive more praise from you during practice will score a higher number of points in the game than those that receive less praise from you. You randomly select half of your athletes to receive praise (meaning 2 or more pieces of verbal praise) from you during practice. You set the other half of athletes to receive minimal to no praise from you (meaning 1 or less pieces of verbal praise). You then keep track of each athlete’s total points scored in their season games.

What would be the alternative hypothesis of your study?

Answer explanation

There is a significant difference in number of points scored per game between praise and no-praise athletes.

If praise was defined as positive verbal feedback versus negative verbal feedback, the variable of praise would now be what scale of measurement?

• Nominal

• Ordinal

• Interval

• Ratio

You are a volunteer volleyball coach at your local youth center. In working with your athletes, you notice that there might be a connection between the praise you give athletes and their game performance. You predict that the athletes that receive more praise from you during practice will score a higher number of points in the game than those that receive less praise from you. You randomly select half of your athletes to receive praise (meaning 2 or more pieces of verbal praise) from you during practice. You set the other half of athletes to receive minimal to no praise from you (meaning 1 or less pieces of verbal praise). You then keep track of each athlete’s total points scored in their season games.

The measurement scale of game performance in this study was:

• Nominal

• Ordinal

• Interval

• Ratio

You are a volunteer volleyball coach at your local youth center. In working with your athletes, you notice that there might be a connection between the praise you give athletes and their game performance. You predict that the athletes that receive more praise from you during practice will score a higher number of points in the game than those that receive less praise from you. You randomly select half of your athletes to receive praise (meaning 2 or more pieces of verbal praise) from you during practice. You set the other half of athletes to receive minimal to no praise from you (meaning 1 or less pieces of verbal praise). You then keep track of each athlete’s total points scored in their season games.

What is the operational definition of praise in this study?

Answer explanation

Amount of verbal praise given to athletes: receiving praise (meaning 2 or more pieces of verbal praise) or receiving minimal to no praise from you (meaning 1 or less pieces of verbal praise).

After collecting the data, you find a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of r=0.73. What is the strength and direction between praise and game performance here?

• Weak & Positive

• Moderate & Negative

• Strong & Positive

• Strong & Negative

Explain what the coefficient in the previous question (r=0.73) means in words/context relative to praise and game performance.

Answer explanation

As amount of praise increases, the number of game points scored from athletes also increases.