World History Vocab #8

Any tangible commodity produced and subsequently purchased to satisfy the current wants and perceived needs of the buyer. A marked increase in the consumption and variety consumer goods by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds is a key effect of the Industrial Revolution.

The Russian parliament

Trading company founded in the Dutch Republic (present-day Netherlands) in 1602 to protect that state's trade in the Indian Ocean. As a result of corruption and debt it was dissolved in 1799 and control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia shifted to the Dutch government.

Control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation.

Policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). It came to what would become the United States as a result of American Revolutionary War and China as a result of the Treaty of Nanking (1842).

The emigration of some 12,000 to 14,000 Boers from Cape Colony in South Africa between 1835 and the early 1840s, in rebellion against the policies of the British government and in search of fresh pasturelands. It is regarded by Afrikaners as a central event of their 19th-century history and the origin of their nationhood.

Corporation established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia. Initially founded in the British colony of Hong Kong it benefited from the opening of China to trade, including the opium trade.

Political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement.

Basic physical systems of a business or nation—transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric systems for example. These systems tend to be high-cost investments and are vital to a country's economic development and prosperity.

Condition under which the loss that an owner (shareholder) of a business firm may incur is restricted to the amount of capital invested by him in the business and does not extend to his personal assets. Acceptance of this principle by business enterprises and governments was a vital factor in the development of large-scale industry, because it enabled business concerns to mobilize large amounts of capital from a wide variety of investors who were understandably unwilling to risk their entire personal fortunes in their investments.