Chapter 8: Ideologies in Conflict: Cold War Social 30

What were the agreements made at the Yalta Conference in 1945?

• 1. The guaranteed security of his people
• 1. Dividing Germany into four zones of occupation (British, American, French, and Soviet)
• Stalinization. He starts setting up buffer zones between the now-NATO states and the Soviet Union (he essentially takes over countries between him and Western Europe and forces communism onto them)
• People didn't think it was possible until Igor Gouzenko (former Soviet Spy) defected and brought the Canadian government information on the extent of Soviet espionage in North America. This is what caused the Red Scare.

Who was at the Yalta Conference of 1945?

• 1. The French had been a colonial ruling power in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Indochina) on and off. After WWII, they were on. For its entirety, Vietnam resisted French rule.
• Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill
• the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety).
• Creative attempts at diplomacy such as ping-pong tournaments against Chinese. It was so successful that Nixon visited China in 1972.

Ideological Conflict

• March 31st 1991 as the treaties became obsolete as more non-communist leaders came to power
• A struggle between two distinct and opposing sets of beliefs and values (i.e. the Cold War, Potsdam Conference)
• 1. UK's power went down as they lost a lot of people, money, resources, and took a lot of physical hits
• The participants were hopeful for the future of their relationship, and that they were able to cooperate towards peace. Americans and Brits were thinking "huh, maybe the Soviets aren't completely uncivilized animals when you both want to defeat a fascist maniac wanting to take over the world"

What is the "Sphere of Influence"?

• 1. It's 145km from the US coast, making it quite the strategic position for the Soviets.
• The Cold War policy of both major powers, aiming to deter the military advances of the other through developing and building arms (nuclear weapons especially). It essentially depends on both countries creating the appearance that they have weapons they're willing to use.
• Meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill:
• A region dominated and controlled by an outside power.

Expansionism

• Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill
• Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev both agreed that nuclear war really couldn't be won, and once they agreed on this, they felt like they could finally communicate. With this admission, their generals and the people behind them understood it too.
• A country's attempt to spread an ideology (or political/economic system they have in place) through political or military means and violating other countries' sovereignty for reasons included but not limited to defense, national pride, superiority, or access to resources/markets.
• Meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill:

Containment

• 1. The guaranteed security of his people
• An ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that used propaganda, economic measures, and espionage among other things rather than direct military conflict
• The Cold War policy of both major powers, aiming to deter the military advances of the other through developing and building arms (nuclear weapons especially). It essentially depends on both countries creating the appearance that they have weapons they're willing to use.
• The USA Cold War foreign policy of stopping the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances.

Brinkmanship

• He was thoroughly anti-communist. He called the USSR the "evil empire" and increased spending on the US military and into the "Star Wars" (yes, this is literally what it was called) program to create lasers to destroy nuclear weapons from space. This is all happening at the same time as Perestroika and Glasnost.
• the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety).
• 1. Student activists demonstrated disapproval for the Soviet government in place and the Soviets started shooting at the students.
• Accusing people of being communist. A period of time (1950-1953/4) in which McCarthy gained a whole lot more power, even creating a House of Un-American Activities.

Cold War (1945 - 1990)

• An ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that used propaganda, economic measures, and espionage among other things rather than direct military conflict
• 1. High morale and no choice but to fight for their homes
• A war tactic based on hit-and-run attacks with the intention of killing as many as possible as quickly as possible and then run.
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949): Canada, USA, and Western Europe

Collective Security

• Germany was divided into the four zones of occupation and Berlin into East and West, where elections were to be held and communism lost. Followed by the Russian/Berlin Blockade (which was essentially Stalin throwing a tantrum)
• 1. High morale and no choice but to fight for their homes
• 1. Isolation from the outside (no internet and media is heavily restricted)
• The mutual protection of members of an organization from an outside threat.

Détente (late 1960s-1979)

• The U-2 plane was a US spy plane made to fly over the USSR and take pictures of it (during Eisenhower's presidency). Khrushchev was not aware of this. The pilot had instructions to blow up the plane and commit suicide if ever caught, but this didn't happen when it crash-landed in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev had people interrogate him.
• A period in the Cold War from the mid-1960s to 1979 (when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan) during which the major powers tried to lessen tension between them through diplomacy, treaties, arms talks, reductions, and cultural exchanges.
• People felt like they did during the French Reign of Terror and during Stalin's purges. People could be tried, imprisoned, refused work, undergo legal discrimination, and even executed based on suspicion, faulty evidence, and hearsay. They were labelled as "pinkos". Many people had their lives ruined or commit suicide.
• 1. Eisenhower sends so many troops and advisors that they have to decide at one point whether or not they're going to be involved in the war. JFK, Lyndon B Johnson, and Richard Nixon continue this through their terms.