AP World 7-9

Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage?

“The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success.

A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on a barren island. Then America could argue, ‘We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient system of international control.’

If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peacetime developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy.”

• Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.

• Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat.

• Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons

• German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan.

The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways?

• The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars

• The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars

• Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.

• Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century?

• Both generated land-redistribution policies.

• Both promoted imperialism

• Both were supported by an elite group of landlords.

• Both promoted religious education.

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ?

• Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

• The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe

• The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification

• The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France.

Durnovo’s argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two countries would prove to be

• accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia

• inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to “social revolution”

• inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country

• accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which side won the war

Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil?

“Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government’s responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements.

Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation.”

• The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders.

• The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.

• The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil’s middle and upper classes.

• The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil.

The primary rationale for Japan’s territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933–1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following?

• The Ottoman Empire’s conquest of the Middle East and North Africa

• The Qing dynasty’s expansion into Central Asia

• The British East India Company’s takeover of other European states’ colonial possessions in India

• France’s conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon

Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Vladmir Lenin?

• Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.

• Lenin thought that Marx’s writings were important.

• Lenin stressed the need for a powerful state structure.

• Mao thought that communism was appropriate only for some nations and cultures.

China’s strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of

• Britain

• India

• the Soviet Union

• Japan

Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918–1945 in the

• growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states

• growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples

• intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements

• establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia