unit 7 vocabulary human geography (multiple choice)

agglomeration

• beliefs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from government

• economic sector associated with the production of goods from raw materials; includes manufacturing, processing, and construction

• the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population

• the tendency of enterprises in the same industry to cluster in the same area

Break-of-bulk point

• an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60 percent of a country’s exports and economic health are tied to one or two resources

• location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further

• businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed

• an area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations (such as tax benefits or no tariffs) to attract foreign businesses

bulk-gaining industry

•  industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials

• industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods

• a highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production; named after Henry Ford

• economic sector associated with removing or harvesting products from the earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gas

bulk-reducing industry

•  industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials

• industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods

• a highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production; named after Henry Ford

• economic sector associated with removing or harvesting products from the earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gas

commodity dependence

• rate that measures an economy’s active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age population

• an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60 percent of a country’s exports and economic health are tied to one or two resources

• economic sector that includes a host of activities that involve the transport, storage, marketing, and selling of goods or services; also called the service sector

• the processes involved in the improvement of people’s freedoms, rights, capabilities, choices, and material conditions

comparative advantage

• industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials

• businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed

• the relative cost advantage a country or organization has to produce certain goods or services for trade

• any metals, wood or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods

complementarity

•  process by which a country or area reduces industrial activity, particularly in heavy industry and manufacturing

• collections of industries engaged in similar economic activities based on the creation of raw materials, the production of goods, the provision of services, or other activities

• businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed

• the mutual trade relationship that exists between two places based on the supply of raw materials and the demand for finished products or services

cottage industry

• preindustrial form of manufacture in which members of families spread out through rural areas worked in their homes to make goods

•  the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population

• a place of economic activity clustered around one or more high-growth industries that stimulate economic gain by capitalizing on some special asset

• the processes involved in the improvement of people’s freedoms, rights, capabilities, choices, and material conditions

deindustrialization

• a collection of manufacturing facilities in a particular area that is typically found in suburbs and is located close to highways to facilitate movement of raw materials and finished products

• process by which a country or area reduces industrial activity, particularly in heavy industry and manufacturing

• any economic activity using machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into products

• any part of a country’s economy that is outside of government monitoring or regulation; sometimes called the informal economy

dependency theory

•  industrial location theory proposed by Alfred Weber suggesting that businesses locate their facilities in a particular place because that location minimizes the costs of production

• an area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations (such as tax benefits or no tariffs) to attract foreign businesses

• beliefs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from government

• a theory that describes the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have with richer countries